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Back習近平訪美的「僵局控管」:中美如何枱上握手、枱下算計?
習近平訪美的「僵局控管」:中美如何枱上握手、枱下算計?
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BBC中文1 hour agoPolitics6 min readChinaView translation

習近平訪美的「僵局控管」:中美如何枱上握手、枱下算計?

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中國國家主席習近平將於9月23至25日訪問華府與美國總統特朗普會面,雙方預計延長貿易戰休兵協議,但在稀土、AI監管、台灣軍售及伊朗問題等核心分歧上難以達成實質進展,中美關係處於管控僵局而非和解狀態。

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Why It Matters

中國國家主席習近平預計將在9月23到25日到訪華府與美國總統特朗普會面。這是習近平在5月於北京接待特朗普後,兩人今年度的第二次會面,同時也是習近平自2015年9月以來,首度前往華盛頓進行國是訪問。四個月前在北京,兩國在經貿方面建立了不少新的互動機制,成立了中美貿易與投資理事會、開展中美人工智能對話,並為兩國關係下了一個新註腳:「中美建設性戰略穩定關係」。

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中國國家主席習近平預計將在9月23到25日到訪華府與美國總統特朗普會面。這是習近平在5月於北京接待特朗普後,兩人今年度的第二次會面,同時也是習近平自2015年9月以來,首度前往華盛頓進行國是訪問。

四個月前在北京,兩國在經貿方面建立了不少新的互動機制,成立了中美貿易與投資理事會、開展中美人工智能對話,並為兩國關係下了一個新註腳:「中美建設性戰略穩定關係」。

專家向BBC中文分析,本次會面將延展去年兩國領導人在釜山峰會時達成的為期一年的貿易戰休兵,但針對中美間主要的分歧,從稀土安全、AI監管、技術出口到台灣軍售及伊朗問題,恐怕都難以看見實質成果。特朗普和習近平都還在測試能從彼此身上換到哪些好處。

位於華府的捍衛民主基金會(Foundation for Defending Democracy)資深中國研究員辛格頓(Craig Singleton)以「管控僵局」來形容中美當前的共同目標。

他向BBC中文表示,特朗普和習近平各自想要的東西有所不同。特朗普想要稀土、農產品訂單與能拿出來炫耀的成果,同時白宮內許多官員則希望在先進技術、供應鏈和台灣問題方面保留對中國施壓的空間。習近平則期待獲得關稅豁免、技術准入,並希望美國減少對台灣的支持。

「更重要的是,習近平想要時間。他一邊想盡可能獲得美國技術和市場,一邊積極降低對美國的依賴性。在這個情況下,中美彼此交易但沒有互信,追求和穩不求和解。」他說。

縱使兩國分歧依舊,在中國學者眼裡,習近平時隔11年再次踏進華府,代表的將是一個更具國際政經影響力的中國。對北京來說,兩國關係在疫情間進入低谷後,終於在特朗普身上看到了「歷史機遇期」。

北京大學教授國際戰略研究所院長王緝思在《外交事務》表示,隨著特朗普釋出訊號,將中國視為對等大國,中美關係可能將迎來如尼克松與毛澤東破冰後的穩定期。

「中國領導層在兩種情況下最為敏感:一是感受到美國試圖拒絕給予其尊重並孤立他們,二是感覺到中國實力地位弱於美國,」他寫道。「如今,隨著中國實力與地位的提升及美國在國內外政策上的一系列失誤,北京的自信心已明顯增強。」

貿易戰休兵延期

9月20日,貝森特(Scott Bessent)與中國副總理何立峰在紐約舉行前導會議,在領導人峰會前就AI監管、稀土貿易等議題先行討論。

去年10月在釜山峰會,兩國達成一年期的經貿休兵協議。美方暫停實施24%的對等關稅與恐觸發二級制裁,使中國企業更難獲得美國晶片等科技材料的「50%穿透性原則」;中方則暫停報復性關稅與稀土出口管制、擴大採購美國大豆等農產品。

本次峰會預期將延長此休兵協議,但具體將延期多久還不確定。《金融時報》報導,中方希望延長休兵到特朗普任期結束,但美方只願延期半年,主要是質疑中方沒有落實此前在稀土方面的承諾。

此外,對特朗普而言,中國龐大的貿易順差始終是美國的一大隱患。根據中國海關數據,8月份其出口額比進口額高出1190億美元,總貿易順差已連續四個月超過1000億美元。中國對美貿易順差更是在8月達到特朗普第二任期上任以來的最高點。

9月初,美國財政部長貝森特才公開批評中國,因北京在G20會議上阻撓發布聯合聲明,因為其他成員在文件中抨擊特定國家有「過量且不間斷的外部順差」。對此,貝森特說:「一個非市場導向的經濟,持續輸出便宜外銷產品,是難以為繼的。」

但要持續對北京施壓,對華府來說也非易事。

總部在紐約的歐亞集團中國業務總監蕭嫣然(Amanda Hsiao)向BBC中文表示,雖然美國可以繼續擴大高階晶片、晶片設計軟體、飛機零組件的出口管制,並限制中國產品的進口,但這些舉措都會進一步引來北京的報復,使兩方都難以貿然出手。

「所以說,這場峰會最大的成果,可能就只是繼續延長既有的休兵協議而已。」她說。

AI監管各自算計

另一件引發關注的議題,則是中美如何就AI監管一事進行討論。

習近平到訪時,預計將出席華府國宴的一幫美國科技業大佬,其中就包含輝達執行長黃仁勳、OpenAI執行長奧特曼、以及特斯拉創辦人馬斯克等。

關於AI控管,美國自身正陷入激烈的辯論中。Anthropic創辦人阿莫戴日前發表文章,呼籲AI前沿企業須放慢研發的腳步,讓安全監管機制能夠跟上,否則AI恐怕在未來一年內即可發展出癱瘓整個網路的能力。

阿莫戴並呼籲民主國家與中國在內的獨裁國家協調,確保他們的AI公司不會在美方放緩腳步時加速追上。奧特曼、馬斯克等AI領袖贊成阿莫戴的提議,但特朗普以及黃仁勳等人則稱「AI末日論」為陰謀論,主張應繼續加快AI發展。

與此同時,包含DeepSeek與Moonshot在內的中國AI公司,其模型性能成長速度已逼近美國的AI。美國不僅擔心相對便宜的中國模型可能將搶攻全球AI市場,Anthropic等公司更指控中國企業透過「蒸餾」方式竊用美方模型來訓練自家AI。外界也擔心,主要利用開放權重模型的中國AI公司,一旦模型被惡意濫用而出現攻擊行為,風險恐怕將散播地更快。

相較美國業界憂心AI對人類文明的威脅,北京對AI的擔憂,更多聚焦於AI是否會影響國家安全。國安部長陳一新在最新一期《中國網信》雜誌的署名文章中,特別點名美國AI企業與模型,並稱敵對勢力正在利用AI進行認知戰,「直接威脅政治安全」。

16日在北京香山論壇上,復旦大學國際問題研究院長吳心伯更表示,美國正在透過與中國展開AI對話來試圖拖延中國的AI發展,「中國必須非常小心。」

在彼此猜忌下,中美兩國恐怕難以在AI監管一事上達成共識。歐亞集團的蕭嫣然表示,中美在AI方面已處於公開競爭的狀態,雙邊都擔心更完善的監管制度會使自己失去優勢。

「然而,縱使不會有實質結果,兩國都知道針對AI安全和一些彼此共享的痛點進行討論是重要的。」她說。

20日,在中美代表於紐約進行元首峰會前的會談後,財長貝森特表示,美方提議建立中美AI熱線,進一步管控風險。

值得一提的是,中美之間也有已達成的AI安全共識。在2024年11月習近平和拜登會面後,雙方明確「應維持由人類控制核武器使用的決定」。這也是中美兩國元首首次在核武器與 AI 交叉風險中確立的一條安全底線。

伊朗、台灣議題難有突破

另一個外界關注的議題則是伊朗。隨著美國對伊朗發動的戰爭進入第七個月,德黑蘭持續關閉荷莫茲海峽使國際油價攀升。中國作為伊朗最大的貿易夥伴,其能源安全與商業利益也受到戰事的影響。

8月底,美國擴大對伊朗的制裁,反制與伊朗進行商業往來的國家與企業,有超過20個中港企業與人士被列入實體清單。9月中,華府進一步通過另一項針對俄羅斯與伊朗能源的制裁法案。這些都引來了北京的抗議。

此外,北京也持續對伊朗提供支持。17日,中國和俄羅斯聯手否決了美國在聯合國安理會上提出的有關伊朗核計畫監督的法案。《華爾街日報》則報導,伊朗透過中方提供的衛星圖像精準攻擊約旦的美軍基地,造成三名美軍身亡。就在中美元首峰會前夕,伊朗外長到訪北京,中國也釋出了持續深化中伊合作的訊號。

捍衛民主基金會的辛格頓表示,雖然中美在開放荷莫茲海峽一事上有共同利益,但北京是否會利用對德黑蘭的影響力來對其施壓,仍是一大問號。

「我不認為習近平會幫特朗普在這麼棘手的伊朗問題上解圍。」他說。

辛格頓表示,地緣政治是中美兩國利益分歧最大的領域。除了伊朗外,台灣問題更是兩國間最大難題。他認為習近平會再次強硬要求美國停止對台軍售,而他最主要目的是要把對台軍售從暫停的轉態轉變為新的談判底線,未來任何其它談判,都需要從這一點出發。

他進一步分析道,對台軍售暫停越久,北京越可能認為停止軍售是一個新常態。未來假設軍售恢復,習近平不會把它看作是美國回到其一貫的政策立場,而是對方翻臉不認帳。屆時北京恐怕會有更激進的反應。

形式大於實質意涵

歐亞集團的蕭嫣然表示:「兩邊都希望透過這種峰會場合來製造正能量,並維持雙邊關係穩定。」

亞洲集團中國區總監林漢昇向BBC中文表示,中美仍在彼此競爭,但兩國關係正變得越來越以利益為導向。兩邊領導人這一次次的會晤就顯示,華府與北京都希望競爭能被管控。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中美將延長貿易戰休兵協議,但具體時長將在美方願意的半年與中方希望的特朗普任期結束之間妥協,大概率為六個月至一年。

    Likely · Within weeks

  • 中美將建立AI熱線或對話機制,但不會在核心監管標準或技術限制上達成實質共識。

    Possible · Within months

  • 台灣問題將成為習近平訪美的核心談判籌碼,他將推動將對台軍售的暫停轉化為新的談判底線,未來任何談判都需以此為前提。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 貿易戰休兵協議將延長多久?中美雙方在此議題上的具體分歧是什麼?
  • 在AI監管議題上,中美是否能建立有效的溝通機制或熱線?
  • 習近平是否能在本次訪美中獲得關稅豁免或技術准入等實質讓步?
  • 台灣問題及伊朗問題在峰會中是否會被討論,以及可能產生什麼樣的外交動向?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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