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Back不單純?俄研究員染不明肺炎死亡 中國疾控單位突向民眾宣導鼠疫
不單純?俄研究員染不明肺炎死亡 中國疾控單位突向民眾宣導鼠疫
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自由时报2 hours agoHealth2 min readChinaView translation

不單純?俄研究員染不明肺炎死亡 中國疾控單位突向民眾宣導鼠疫

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俄羅斯西伯利亞暨遠東伊爾庫次克抗鼠疫研究所傳出28歲女研究員希比洛瓦感染肺鼠疫後死亡,俄方否認相關病例。中國湖南省疾控中心及廣東省疾控局於9日發布鼠疫防治宣導,專家解釋鼠疫為甲類傳染病,可防可治可控,並詳細說明傳播途徑、症狀及防控措施,提醒民眾注意野外活動後的異常症狀並及時就醫。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

鼠疫是由鼠疫耶爾森菌引起的甲類傳染病,中國將其列為甲類傳染病與霍亂並列管理。近年來非洲馬達加斯加、南美洲秘魯、亞洲蒙古國等地偶有病例,但經及時隔離治療得以控制。中國已建立較完善的鼠疫監測與緊急處理系統,病例多年維持在較低水平。

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俄羅斯「西伯利亞暨遠東伊爾庫次克抗鼠疫研究所」,傳出28歲實驗室女研究員希比洛瓦(Darya Shipilova)感染肺鼠疫,後續因不明肺炎死亡,俄方對此強調希比洛瓦未驗出相關病原體,否認有肺鼠疫個案,但中國湖南省疾病預防控制中心等單位,9日突向民眾宣導鼠疫防治。

據《湖南日報》報導,湖南省疾控專家指出,鼠疫是《中國傳染病防治法》規定的甲類傳染病(與霍亂並列),由「鼠疫耶爾森菌」引起,但民眾不必談鼠色變,因為鼠疫可防、可治、可控。

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湖南疾控專家表示,近年來非洲馬達加斯加、南美洲秘魯、亞洲蒙古國等地有些許病例,但都透過及時隔離治療達成控制,未造成大規模流行,中國也已建立較完善的鼠疫監測與緊急處理系統,鼠疫病例多年維持在較低的情況,民眾不必過度恐慌。

湖南疾控專家透露,鼠疫有明顯的季節性,主要和鼠類活動、鼠蚤繁殖、旱獺(俗稱土撥鼠)結束冬眠時間有關。中國南方疫源地病例多發生在春夏,青藏高原等旱獺疫源地多見於夏秋。

疾控專家指出,等到冬季來臨、氣溫下降後,旱獺進入冬眠,鼠類和鼠蚤活動量也明顯減少,鼠疫整體進入低發時段。但要警惕的是,歷史上曾有民眾在冬季挖掘旱獺洞穴、捕獵冬眠旱獺後感染發病的案例,因此疫區防護意識不能鬆懈。

疾控專家表示,鼠疫主要傳染源為鼠類、旱獺等囓齒類動物,傳播途徑則有3種,首先是跳蚤叮咬,這是人類病例最主要的感染方式;第2種則是直接接觸傳播,例如捕獵、宰殺、剝皮染疫動物或接觸其排泄物、分泌物,病菌會透過皮膚微小傷口或黏膜侵入;最後則是肺鼠疫的呼吸道飛沫傳播,患者咳嗽、說話噴出帶菌飛沫,近距離可造成人傳人情況。

疾控專家指稱,臨床上以腺鼠疫最常見,約佔感染患者的85%至90%,典型症狀為突發高燒,腹股溝、腋下、頸部等部位淋巴結迅速腫大、劇烈疼痛,若病菌侵入肺部則為肺鼠疫,會有咳嗽、咳痰、咳血、呼吸困難等情況。

一旦出現疑似病例,中國疾控部門會依照《國家鼠疫控制應急預案》、《鼠疫疫區處理標準及原則》迅速啟動措施,首先是對患者就地隔離治療,肺鼠疫患者必須進行嚴格的呼吸道隔離並佩戴口罩,接著是立即開展流行病學調查,追查傳染源、判定並追蹤密切接觸者。

中國疾控部門還會對密切接觸者實施預防性服藥,並且每日監測體溫。至於隔離區內會統一滅蚤、滅鼠,並對病人住處、污染場所展開消毒,實驗室也會儘快檢測病患樣本,達到「早發現、早診斷、早通報、早隔離、早治療」的目標。

疾控專家表示,鼠疫發病後24小時內是治療的黃金期,鏈黴素、慶大黴素、獨克士黴素等抗生素都能有確切療效,絕大多數患者皆可治癒,但若延誤病情至重病階段,死亡率就會明顯上升。

對此.疾控專家呼籲中國民眾若在野外活動後出現發燒、淋巴結腫痛、咳血、呼吸困難等症狀,應立即前往醫院就診,並主動告知醫師疫區旅遊史、動物接觸史,切勿自行用藥或拖延。

除了湖南省疾病預防控制中心之外,廣東省疾病預防控制局也在9日向民眾宣導鼠疫防治,讓中國網友感到相當不單純,不少人更是憂心忡忡,擔心類似武漢肺炎(新型冠狀病毒病,COVID-19)的疫情捲土重來。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中國疾控部門將在未來一兩週內繼續加強鼠疫監測與公眾宣導,特別是在南方省份

    Likely · Within weeks

  • 若俄羅斯事件進一步證實為肺鼠疫,國際間可能會就實驗室生物安全標準展開討論或檢查

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 俄羅斯是否真的發生了肺鼠疫個案,以及希比洛瓦的具體感染來源是什麼?
  • 中國此次在湖南和廣東同時發布鼠疫防治宣導是否與俄羅斯事件有直接關聯?
  • 中國目前的鼠疫監測系統具體覆蓋哪些地區,以及應急預案的啟動條件是什麼?

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