Eleven Australian soldiers killed in World War I have been formally identified for the first time to ensure their service and sacrifice are recognised by future generations.
The men, long commemorated as unknown soldiers, were identified through extensive historical research, archaeological investigations, and DNA analysis.
The newly identified Australian soldiers are:
Private Roy Hawkins, 3rd Battalion AIF, of Armidale, New South Wales
Sergeant Charles Henry Nicholls, 46th Battalion AIF, of Ballarat, Victoria
Lieutenant Howard Victor Morey, 58th Battalion AIF, of Lilydale, Victoria.
Lieutenant John Maher Lyons MC, MM, MSM, 17th Battalion AIF, of Randwick, New South Wales
Lieutenant Andrew Anderson, 7th Australian Machine Gun Company AIF, of Bundaberg, Queensland
Second Lieutenant James Albert McMichael, 37th Battalion AIF, of Melbourne, Victoria
Private Thomas Easton, 30th Battalion AIF, of Adamstown, New South Wales
Corporal Harry Maitland Whiteoak, 2nd Australian Field Ambulance AIF, of Preston, Victoria
Private George Laban Lupson, 2nd Australian Field Ambulance AIF, of Fremantle, Western Australia
Private James Campbell, 2nd Australian Field Ambulance AIF, of Queenstown, Tasmania
Lance Corporal Alexander Joseph Jack, 2nd Australian Field Ambulance AIF, of Brunswick, Victoria
Descendants of the identified soldiers, French authorities and independent researchers assisted Defence's Unrecovered War Casualties — Army (UWC-A) team, the Office of Australian War Graves and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
The federal government announced the identities for Remembrance Day, which this year marks 108 years since the Armistice was signed to end the conflict.
Name to be added to headstone 109 years after death
Among the 11 newly identified soldiers is Lieutenant Andrew Anderson, who was killed in action on September 20, 1917, during the Battle of Menin Road near Ypres, Belgium.
He was 23 years old.
Researchers say fellow soldiers buried Lieutenant Anderson on the battlefield near Westhoek, with an eyewitness account describing a roadside burial marked with a wooden cross.
In March 1919, an unknown soldier's remains were recovered from almost the same location and reinterred at Hooge Crater Cemetery.
The original grave registration record noted "Anderson on shirt", indicating that the soldier's clothing bore the name Anderson, but his identity was not established at the time.
More than a century later, an independent historical researcher identified the possible connection between that unknown soldier and Lieutenant Anderson.
In 2020, she submitted her findings to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and the UWC-A team, who took up the investigation and established an evidentiary link between Lieutenant Anderson and the unknown Australian soldier.
Now, 109 years after his death, Lieutenant Anderson's headstone at Hooge Crater Cemetery can be replaced to commemorate him by name.
'The ultimate expression of lest we forget'
Defence Minister Richard Marles said the identification was "deeply personal" for his family since Lieutenant Anderson was his great-uncle.
"Like so many Australian families, we've carried the story of a relative who served their country and never came home," Mr Marles said.
"For more than a century, Andrew Anderson's final resting place was unknown.
"His story is a reminder of the sacrifice made by a generation of Australians whose service continues to shape our nation. We are proud to remember that sacrifice this Remembrance Day."
Veterans' Affairs Minister Matt Keogh said it was through the dedication of military historians, archaeologists, researchers, forensic specialists, and the family members that the soldiers had now been identified.
"The identification of these soldiers who were killed in action across France and Belgium will provide long-awaited answers for families who have experienced generations of uncertainty," Mr Keogh said.
