
中欧双方在北京举行贸易投资磋商机制第二次例会,就混动汽车贸易及稀土出口审批便利化达成共识,并继续推进电动汽车反补贴价格承诺复审。
中国商务部部长王文涛与欧盟委员谢夫乔维奇在北京举行中欧贸易投资磋商机制例会。双方就混动汽车贸易达成谅解,同意继续电动汽车反补贴价格承诺复审,并承诺为稀土及两用物项出口提供审批便利。
AI-generated summary
欧盟对华贸易逆差长期处于高位,且近期在电动汽车反补贴及稀土出口等领域存在摩擦。
(德国之声中文网)中国商务部部长王文涛与欧盟委员会贸易和经济安全委员马罗什·谢夫乔维奇(Maros Sefcovic)在北京举行中欧贸易投资磋商机制(简称机制)第二次例会结束后,双方发表了会议成果共识清单。其中备受关注的包括“双方以符合世贸组织规则的方式就混动汽车贸易达成谅解。” 此外双方“将继续电动汽车反补贴案企业价格承诺复审相关程序”。在出口管制方面,中方原通过“绿色通道机制,为稀土及永磁体对欧洲出口许可审批继续提供便利。欧方将继续与成员国一道,为解决两用领域对华重点许可个案提供便利。”
此次中欧贸易投资机制例会举行的时间点并非偶然,而是欧盟对华经济安全焦虑上升,欧中贸易摩擦多点并发,以及欧盟多成员国要求欧盟对中国采取更强硬态度和措施之时。
欧中贸易逆差长居高位
欧盟对华贸易逆差长期处于高位,去年约为3600亿欧元,相当于每天近10亿欧元贸易逆差。欧洲担心中国制造业产能过剩,人民币被人为贬值创造出口优势,中国造低价产品冲击本地产业。汽车则是欧洲贸易最大的摩擦点。尤其是几十年来依靠中国市场获取巨额利润的德国汽车业倍感压力。
2024年,欧盟对中国产纯电动车征收反补贴税, 在原有10%关税之上加征, 幅度最高约35%。之后双方一直在谈"价格承诺"来替代关税, 即本次例会成果清单里提及的“继续电动汽车反补贴案企业价格承诺复审相关程序”。混动车不在欧盟关税加征范围内, 过去两年中国混动车对欧出口量增长,即清单里提及的"混动汽车贸易谅解"的背景。至于稀土等关键原材料的出口则是欧中以及美中贸易摩擦的“老话题”。欧洲指责中国以限制稀土等关键原材料出口为制衡措施,而这些原材料是欧洲工业急迫所需。此次欧中贸易投资例会在这一方面达成的相互提供审批便利的原则性一致,应被欧方认为是实质性成果。不过中国在与美国的类似谈判中也做过承诺,但美国财政部长9月份表示,中方未依照承诺,放行足够的稀土出口量。
欧盟反制中国贸易的“工具箱”
欧盟在反制对华贸易劣势的可行措施主要有反补贴征税,比如2024年实行的针对中国电动汽车的加征关税。此外还有国际采购工具(IPI),2025年首次用于中国, 限制中国医疗器械企业参与欧盟大额(500万欧元以上)公共采购项目。取消150欧元以下小额包裹关税豁免,加强对Temu, Shein等中国廉价网购平台的监管,也是欧盟在规则市场准入方面的对策之一。
在欧盟内部,如何应对以及反制对华贸易失衡在各成员国之间并非没有分歧。德国因为支柱产业汽车业主要依靠中国市场的盈利,所以一直主张对中国采取“温和态度”。相比德国,法国的态度在反制中国、去风险化方面更为强硬。本周三(10月7日),欧洲议会以454票对86票通过了一项对华立场强硬的决议。该决议的核心诉求是“经济互惠”,并强调“若中国不开放市场,欧盟将采取相应的反制措施”。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
双方将继续进行电动汽车反补贴案企业价格承诺复审。
Very likely · Within months

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