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Back中国天眼FAST发现轨道周期极短的双中子星系统PSRJ1856-0039
中国天眼FAST发现轨道周期极短的双中子星系统PSRJ1856-0039
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中国新闻网13 hours agoScience3 min readChinaView translation

中国天眼FAST发现轨道周期极短的双中子星系统PSRJ1856-0039

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国家天文台韩金林研究员团队利用中国天眼FAST发现双中子星系统PSRJ1856-0039,轨道周期仅2.36小时,总质量最轻(2.488倍太阳质量),精准验证广义相对论,研究成果发表于《物理评论快报》并被编辑推荐。

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Why It Matters

双中子星系统由两颗中子星相互绕转构成,是宇宙中极为罕见的特殊天体系统,目前人类发现仅30例。这类天体系统历经两次超新星爆发形成,未来将通过引力波辐射并合演化,是宇宙金、铂等重元素的重要诞生源头,也是研究极端高密度物态、检验广义相对论、解析超新星爆发机制的天然理想实验室。

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近日,依托中国天眼FAST超高探测灵敏度,国家天文台韩金林研究员领衔的FAST银道面脉冲星巡天团队取得重要发现,捕获一颗处于紧致轨道的双中子星系统PSRJ1856-0039。该系统是轨道周期极短、目前已知总质量最轻的双中子星系统,多项观测结果精准验证了广义相对论,为探索极端天体物理、引力本质与宇宙元素起源提供了关键的新目标,相关研究成果2026年9月15日发表于《物理评论快报》(PRL),并被期刊编辑遴选为重点推介成果。

中子星是大质量恒星死亡坍缩后形成的极致密天体残骸,运转规律精准稳定,被誉为“宇宙精密时钟”。双中子星系统由两颗中子星相互绕转构成,是宇宙中极为罕见的特殊天体系统,目前人类发现仅30例。这类天体系统历经两次超新星爆发形成,未来将通过引力波辐射并合演化,是宇宙金、铂等重元素的重要诞生源头,也是研究极端高密度物态、检验广义相对论、解析超新星爆发机制的天然理想实验室。其中,短周期双中子星相对论效应更强、并合时间更短,科研价值尤为突出,一直是国际大型射电望远镜脉冲星巡天的核心科学目标。

作为全球灵敏度最高的单口径射电望远镜,FAST搭配高性能L波段19波束制冷接收机,具备极强的脉冲星探测能力。本次研究中,团队依托自主研发的快照观测模式,开展大规模银道面脉冲星系统性搜寻,迄今已成功发现约900颗新脉冲星。通过持续后续精准观测,团队甄别出多例特殊天体系统,PSRJ1856-0039是其中一个突破性的发现。

观测数据显示,该双中子星系统轨道周期仅2.36小时,在人类已知双中子星系统中位列第二短。极短的轨道周期意味着两颗中子星间距极小、双星相互绕转轨道的致密程度极高,是目前已知相对论效应表现最显著的双中子星系统之一。同时,该系统刷新了人类已知双中子星质量下限,整体总质量仅为2.488倍太阳质量,为迄今发现的总质量最轻的双中子星组合。其中可见脉冲星质量约1.30倍太阳质量,伴星中子星的质量约1.19倍太阳质量。该伴星跻身全球已知最轻中子星行列,逼近中子星理论质量下限,为精准解析超新星爆发物理机制提供了强有力的限制。

得益于极致致密轨道,该系统拥有极端的强引力环境,研究团队成功观测到多项清晰的相对论效应。他们精准探测到椭圆轨道近星点进动、强引力场引发的光子频率红移、高速运动产生的时间膨胀效应,以及系统因持续辐射引力波损耗能量、轨道周期缓慢衰减等核心特征。数据测算显示,本次测得的轨道周期衰减数值与广义相对论预测值之比为1.009±0.014,证实了广义相对论的正确性。

据该团队模型推演,该系统将在约8200万年后发生并合,最终大概率形成一颗更大质量的中子星。这一特殊演化路径,对破解中子星内部物态方程难题、探究宇宙中金、铂等重元素的起源奥秘有重要作用。

该系统还具备后续科学突破能力。它极小的轨道倾角和极短的轨道周期,为探测脉冲星自转时产生的参考系拖拽效应创造了绝佳条件。目前仅一两例双中子星系统具有探测该效应的潜力。参考系拖拽效应与中子星转动惯量直接相关,后续依托FAST持续高精度观测,有望精确测量中子星的转动惯量。结合已精准测定的中子星质量数据,长期观测和研究能为揭示中子星内部物质状态、探索时空引力基本特性等前沿科学问题提供关键的约束条件。

该项研究受到科技部重点研发项目和中国科学院建制化项目的支持。了解“FAST银道面脉冲星巡天”项目详细内容和相关数据,请登陆项目网站:http://zmtt.bao.ac.cn/GPPS/。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 该系统将在约8200万年后发生并合,最终大概率形成一颗更大质量的中子星。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 该系统并合后是否会形成黑洞还是更大质量的中子星?
  • 是否能通过后续观测测量中子星的转动惯量?
  • 该系统的发现对引力波天文学有何具体贡献?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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