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Back黃仁勳「踩紅線」? 輝達H200管制晶片流入中國被抓包 赴國會聽證難熬了
黃仁勳「踩紅線」? 輝達H200管制晶片流入中國被抓包 赴國會聽證難熬了
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自由时报53 minutes agoTech3 min readChinaView translation

黃仁勳「踩紅線」? 輝達H200管制晶片流入中國被抓包 赴國會聽證難熬了

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路透報導,西北工業大學等中國大學透過國內供應商採購受美國出口限制的輝達H200等AI晶片,凸顯華府遏制中國獲取先進技術的漏洞。輝達長黃仁勳將於11月18日赴美國國會聽證,面臨跨黨派加強管控的壓力。

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Why It Matters

美國商務部於2001年將西北工業大學列入貿易黑名單(實體清單),2019年收緊限制。川普政府於1月開始逐案允許部分H200產品出口到中國,但未解除對實體清單機構的單獨限制。

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黃仁勳將於11月18日赴美國國會聽證。(彭博)

〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕路透周三(11日)報導,根據採購記錄顯示,儘管輝達已被列入美國出口黑名單,但一所與中國人民解放軍關係密切的中國大學上個月仍購買輝達強大的H200AI晶片,凸顯華府在遏制中國獲取先進技術方面存在的漏洞。採購行為表明,與軍方有聯繫的中國機構如何繼續透過國內供應商獲取美國的AI運算能力,要麼直接購買晶片,要麼租用包含這些晶片的伺服器。

在這項發現發布之際,輝達長黃仁勳因遊說放寬對中國銷售人工智慧晶片的限制,在華府面臨越來越嚴格的審查。此前報導稱,他成為中國間諜活動的目標。

黃仁勳認為,美國繼續向中國出售產品將維護美國的科技領先地位,並使中國客戶繼續依賴美國技術。但一些美國議員表示,獲得輝達最強大的AI晶片可能會加速中國用於武器設計、情報分析和軍事現代化的AI系統的發展。

美國國會中的民主黨人和共和黨人都敦促加強對中國獲取先進人工智慧晶片的管控,要求晶片追蹤以及加強國會對出口的監管。三位共和黨國會委員會主席已要求於11月18日與黃仁勳會面,討論他被指控與一名中國情報人員接觸的情況。

根據西北工業大學網站上10月21日的採購記錄顯示,作為中國「國防七子」(俗稱「工信七子」)精英國防院校之一的西北工業大學上個月以87萬4700元人民幣(台幣430萬元)的價格購買了兩塊H200晶片。記錄顯示,該管理學院使用的晶片是從陝西博宣網路技術有限公司購買的,而不是直接從輝達公司購買。

H200是輝達用於訓練和運行高級人工智慧系統的最強大晶片之一,需要獲得美國出口許可證的批准,而像西北理工學院這樣的被列入黑名單的機構通常會被拒絕出口。採購記錄顯示,西北理工大學今年還透過與中國公司簽訂的五份租賃運算能力合約,獲得H200晶片和其他強大的輝達AI處理器的使用權。

路透首次報導這些晶片採購和計算合約。西北理工大學、輝達以及負責出口管制的美國商務部工業與安全局均未回應置評要求。路透未能找到陝西博宣網路科技有限公司的聯絡方式。

管制晶片被用於軍工用途

西北工業大學位於西北城市西安,主要從事軍用飛機、飛彈和衛星相關的研究。美國商務部於2001年將大學列入貿易黑名單(實體清單),理由是該大學涉嫌參與飛彈擴散活動和軍事研究。 2019年,美國商務部收緊了對大學的限制,在大多數情況下,向該大學出口受管制美國技術的許可證申請將被拒絕。

路透查閱今年26份中國採購和企業記錄,發現一些大學和研究機構透過國內供應商購買了受美國限制使用的輝達晶片,或租用了使用輝達晶片的運算服務。其中一些機構與中國的國防工業或軍事研究部門關係密切。

美國總統川普的政府於1月開始逐案允許部分H200產品出口到中國,但這項政策並未解除對實體清單機構(例如西北理工大學)的單獨限制。

1月的許可規則還要求採取保障措施,防止被列入黑名單的實體和軍事最終用戶遠端存取根據該政策出口的晶片,該政策涵蓋H200處理器和不太先進的型號。

除了管理學院直接購買兩塊H200晶片外,採購記錄顯示,該校網路安全學院在1月份還授予兩份為期七個月的合約,用於訪問每台包含八塊H200晶片的伺服器。這兩份合約分別價值44.17萬元和44.1萬元,內容涵蓋人工智慧模型的微調和強化學習訓練。並還租用裝有八顆輝達A100晶片和八顆A800晶片的伺服器。A100和A800晶片被禁止出口到中國所有實體,儘管H200是西北工業大學採購記錄中列出的晶片中最先進的。

今年四月,另一所大學研究所簽訂一份價值37.5萬元人民幣的合約,購買了至少需要24個A100晶片的計算服務,用於結構和流體動力學模擬。

產品給了幾家名不見經傳的中國技術供應商。記錄中幾乎沒有提供關於處理器產地或租用伺服器運作地點的任何資訊。根據中國法律,公共採購機構在公佈得標者並簽訂合約之前,必須核實供應商是否有能力履行訂單。

採購記錄顯示 需求市場更大

採購記錄顯示,中國大學對輝達受限人工智慧晶片和運算服務的需求市場更大。深圳大學9月斥資76.98萬元人民幣購買了三顆H100處理器,這是另一款被美國禁用的輝達高階AI晶片。記錄顯示,武漢理工大學6月斥資35.5萬元人民幣購買了一台搭載H100晶片的伺服器,並在另一筆34.4萬元人民幣的採購中購買了四顆A100晶片。

北京航空航太大學是「國防七子」大學之一,今年4月斥資48.9萬元購買了4台A800處理器。北航與中國航空航太和國防工業聯繫緊密,並進行軍事航空航太計畫的研究。

7月和9月的兩份政府採購公告中,指定了供應商為中國科學院大學提供使用輝達H800和A800晶片的計算服務,這些晶片禁止出口到中國。其中一份公告顯示,H800晶片的使用價格為每晶片小時10元人民幣。另一份1月的採購公告則指定了一家供應商,為深圳一家公共機構提供價值48.48萬元人民幣的六塊A100晶片。

上週,路透已報導稱,少量H200晶片透過間接途徑進入中國,而北京方面則拒絕批准大規模進口。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 美國國會將加強對中國獲取先進AI晶片的管控,可能要求晶片追蹤並加強國會對出口的監管。

    Likely · Within weeks

  • 輝達對華銷售將面臨更嚴格的出口限制與監管審查。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 輝達對於中國大學透過國內供應商採購受限晶片的具體回應
  • 美國商務部工業與安全局對此類採購行為的後續調查與執法行動
  • 黃仁勳在11月18日國會聽證中的具體立場與可能面臨的制裁措施

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