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Back生物降解塑料袋为何“短命”
生物降解塑料袋为何“短命”
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中国新闻网1 hour agoTech3 min readChinaView translation

生物降解塑料袋为何“短命”

Quick Look

生物降解塑料袋因含有易断裂的酯键,在光热水等外界因素作用下易老化脆化,但这并非质量问题,而是其可降解设计的必然特性;真正的生物降解需在工业堆肥设施中完成,家庭存放应避光、防潮、防高温,并参照包装标注的建议贮存期使用。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

生物降解塑料袋主要由聚乳酸(PLA)和聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)制成,因含有易断裂的酯键,在光热水等外界因素作用下易老化脆化,但真正的生物降解需在工业堆肥设施中完成。

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生物降解塑料袋为何“短命”

“才买了半年的环保袋,一扯就碎,像薄脆饼干似的。”近期,不少网友在社交平台上晒出自己囤积的生物降解塑料袋“粉身碎骨”的照片,质疑产品质量。有的网友表示,此类袋子越放越脆,使用期限越来越短。

明明是用来替代传统塑料的“环保先锋”,为何还未“上岗”就在抽屉或汽车后备箱里“牺牲”了?它真的越放越脆吗?科技日报记者就此采访了山西农业大学山西功能食品研究院副研究员刘双。

降解使命决定脆弱基因

要理解生物降解塑料袋为何“短命”,首先要弄清它与普通塑料袋的区别。依据《生物降解塑料购物袋》(GB/T 38082-2019)及《降解塑料的定义、分类、标识和降解性能要求》(GB/T 20197-2006),生物降解塑料袋的主要原料为聚乳酸(PLA)和聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)。PLA多从玉米、木薯等植物淀粉中提取,负责提供硬度和挺括感;PBAT则赋予材料类似传统聚乙烯的柔韧与弹性。二者按不同比例混合,可调节出从硬脆到柔软的不同手感。而普通塑料袋的主要成分是聚乙烯,其分子结构由稳固的碳-碳键构成,化学惰性极强。自然界中几乎没有微生物能“啃动”它,因此其可以在自然环境中存留数百年。

生物降解塑料袋的脆弱,是其为可降解功能付出的化学代价。

刘双介绍,生物降解塑料袋的分子链中含有大量酯键。酯键的化学活性较高,其键能低于聚乙烯的碳-碳键,极易受水、热、光等外界因素的影响而断裂。这一过程被称为高分子材料的老化。在老化过程中,PLA、PBAT等聚合物的分子量显著下降,生物降解塑料袋的力学性能随之劣化,最终表现为脆化、开裂和强度丧失。

“这些性能衰减导致网友觉得它越放越脆,但这并非产品的质量缺陷。”刘双说,为了让生物降解塑料袋能够被分解,其原材料分子链就必须设计得相对容易断裂。厂家还会通过调节PLA与PBAT的配比设计不同的塑料袋。

需要纠正的是,不少消费者认为生物降解塑料袋碎了就是开始降解了,这其实是一种误解。刘双表示,家庭环境下的物理碎裂仅属于材料老化和脆性断裂,绝非真正的生物降解。

依据国家标准,生物降解是指在工业堆肥设施中,在恒温、高湿和特定微生物菌群作用下,材料在180天内达到90%以上生物分解率的过程。

“如果生物降解塑料袋被随意丢弃在路边或普通垃圾箱,即使碎裂成微小片状,由于缺乏高温、高湿和专业菌群,这些碎片仍可能长期存留于土壤或水体中。”刘双说,因此,碎裂不等于降解,更不等于无害。只有将其正确收集并送入工业堆肥设施,才能完成真正的生物降解循环。

学会科学存放是关键

那么,该如何保存生物降解塑料袋?

首要是尽量随买随用,避免一次性大量采购存放家中。如果确有少量备用需求,日常保存环境务必阴凉、干燥、避光。温度最好控制在25摄氏度以下,远离暖气、灶台等热源。相对湿度保持在60%以下,切忌放在厨房水槽下方或卫生间等潮湿角落。更要绝对避免阳光直射,尤其不要长期将其置于汽车后备箱或封闭阳台内,因为夏季车内温度可超过70摄氏度,高温会急剧加速材料老化。此外,还要注意防鼠防虫,因为部分添加淀粉的生物降解塑料袋可能吸引啮齿类动物啃食。

对于保质期,刘双提醒消费者关注即将施行的新国标。现行国家标准规定生物降解塑料袋保质期不低于一年,但新国标将不再统一硬性规定,而是要求生产企业依据自身产品的老化试验数据,在包装上标注建议贮存期。

“这意味着不同品牌、不同配方的生物降解塑料袋,其保质期可能从数月至两年不等。消费者购买时应仔细阅读产品外包装,并按标注时间使用。”刘双说。

在真伪鉴别方面,网上流传着“揉搓听响声是否清脆”等方法。对此,刘双表示,这些方法并不十分可靠,因为添加香料或改变工艺均可影响产品感官特征。最权威的方式是查看产品包装标识:正规生物降解塑料袋必须标注执行标准、主要材质成分以及代表可工业堆肥降解的“双J”标志。

(科技日报 本报记者 韩荣)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 新国标实施后,生物降解塑料袋的保质期标注将更加多样化,消费者需更加关注包装上的具体建议贮存期。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 新国标下不同品牌生物降解塑料袋的实际保质期差异有多大?
  • 消费者对工业堆肥设施的可及性如何?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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