
《法兰克福汇报》与《明镜》周刊探讨中国经济模式的竞争本质及西方在制度竞争中的焦虑
德国媒体分析指出,中国经济崛起根植于残酷的竞争机制,而非单纯的中央集权。与此同时,西方社会因自身官僚与政策失误,正面临吸引力消退及对威权制度竞争优势的深层焦虑。
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文章探讨了中国经济崛起背后的竞争机制,并对比了欧洲社会对竞争的保护态度。同时分析了西方在面对中国软实力与威权制度时的心理焦虑。
(德国之声中文网)《法兰克福汇报》驻上海记者发表评论写道,德国关于中国经济崛起的讨论中,人们往往过于夸大中央集权的作用,而忽视了中国经济活力的真正根源。这篇题为《残酷无情的中国式资本主义》的评论写道:
”与普遍印象不同的是,中国并不是一个绝对中央集权的国家,而是会赋予各省相当大的自主空间。在许多经济政策,例如治理产能过剩的问题上,中央显然对地方政府束手无策。在中国,这种现象被称为之‘天高皇帝远’。
也正因为如此,生活在中国的人会感到惊讶不已:怎么会有人从中国崛起中得出这样的结论,即只有限制竞争,才能帮助欧洲走出困境?事实上,中国的竞争要比欧洲残酷得多。在中国,跳槽和解雇是家常便饭,工作时间长,休假时间短。比亚迪员工往往每月只有两天休息日,平时则住在上下铺的多人宿舍里。住房市场也非常灵活机动,找到房子必须几天内入住,而不是几个月之后。
当看到法国骚乱者以焚烧市政厅等方式,宣泄心中的不满和绝望时,很多中国人只会耸耸肩:应当让他们去作一些工时很长的苦力活。通过缺席电邮就可以看出,一些欧洲人暑期休假动辄数月之久,而且很多雇员确实会让雇主完全联系不上。这种情况实在令中国人感到匪夷所思。“
中国的成功首先得益于这个国家对竞争的高度认可和鼓励,而且竞争机制也被广泛利用。竞争机制也同样适用于中小学和大学,中国青少年会为了学业付出一切,甚至损伤身体也在所不惜。企业之间的竞争更为激烈,加班加点是常态,甚至会要求员工24小时待命,汽车行业甚至会发展到相互抹黑对手的地步。”
《法兰克福汇报》评论认为,竞争机制在中国社会各层面无所不在,而欧洲社会却在努力阻碍竞争,过度强调保护和平衡。当然,激烈的竞争也给中国带来了腐败、浪费、产能过剩以及劳动者被残酷压榨等种种弊端:
”所谓‘内卷’现象在中国已经无处不在,它特指一种向内的、破坏性的竞争机制:参与其中的人虽然竭尽全力,但蛋糕却并没有因此变大。毕竟过去几年来,中国经济也一直处在危机状态。
有鉴于此,有人从中国崛起中得出欧洲应当加强国家管控、限制竞争的结论,认为这样才能解决欧洲当前所面临的问题,这种观点实在是荒谬至极。要知道,中国式资本主义要比欧洲大陆残酷得多。”
"西方的吸引力正在消退"
《明镜》评论认为,TikTok等社媒上的“中国热”反映出,中国的经济发展、绿色转型以及社会治安正在令越来越多持各种政治立场的西方人心生向往。
“几位朋友从北京旅行回来后,虽然仍对这个监控无所不在的国家提出了批评,但同时也承认,多亏了这些监控探头,他们在中国随时随地都可以无忧无虑的出行。中国俨然成了安全的天堂?
难道在制度竞争中,自由世界真要首次败给威权政体了吗?我们的工业已经危在旦夕,一方面因为自身的失误,比如官僚主义泛滥、能源政策失误等等。但另一方面,也是因为中国通过政府补贴以及操控汇率获得了不正当的竞争优势,而我们却束手无策。
现在,中国的软实力也开始发挥威力了:风靡全球的Labubu热,酷炫无比的机器人奥运会视频,以及丰富多彩的中国文化。特朗普治下,美国越是走下坡路,中国热就越受欢迎。
情绪高昂的时候,我坚信,像中国这样一个实行威权统治、推崇国家资本主义、老龄化日趋严重的国家,绝不可能有足够的吸引力和创新力,去赢得制度竞争。
但是,在心情黯淡的时刻,我又会扪心自问,我们的自由世界准备好应对方案了吗?目前,我还没有找到答案。”

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