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Back德国媒体:中国经济模式的代价与中德舆论博弈
德国媒体:中国经济模式的代价与中德舆论博弈
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德国之声1 hour agoBusiness6 min readChinaView translation

德国媒体:中国经济模式的代价与中德舆论博弈

德国《商报》与China.Table分析中国产业政策的局限性及中方对德经济叙事转变

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德国学者在《商报》撰文指出中国产业政策虽推动技术现代化,但伴随地方恶性竞争与高昂经济成本。同时,China.Table分析认为中国官媒近期唱衰德国经济,旨在论证其“东升西降”的政治叙事,以应对中欧贸易摩擦。

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Why It Matters

中国长期推行产业政策以加速技术商业化,近期中欧在电动汽车等领域贸易摩擦加剧。

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(德国之声中文网)杜塞尔多夫出版的德国《商报》以“中国的经济成就其实有着高昂代价”为题,刊发了常年关注中国经济议题的两位德国学者刊发的客席评论。作者曾林(Max Zenglein 和 Schindowski 认为,中国在关键产业方面的成就固然让人赞叹,但是德国并不能全盘抄作业,只能有选择性地抄。

“中国制造主导了多个工业领域,这让德国在汽车制造、机械工程和化学工业等传统核心优势领域面临巨大压力。这种局面正日益动摇德国作为工业强国的自我认知。例如,大众汽车首席执行官奥博穆(Oliver Blume)近期盛赞中国的‘五年规划’结构设计‘极其优化’。然而,在将这种共产主义计划经济模式奉为圭臬之前,有必要对其进行更深入的剖析,因为这些成功背后也隐藏着巨大的代价与风险。”

作者指出,中国的产业政策几十年来一直是加速人工智能、绿色新能源等关键技术的商业化进程,从而促进跨行业的技术协同效应:大量传统产业得以利用这些商业化的新技术实现自身的现代化,这不仅产生了规模经济效应,防止了传统产业外迁,还为向未来产业转型铺平了道路。

“然而,这种成功也伴随着明显的负面效应,在某些情况下甚至带来了巨大的经济成本。中国的产业政策主要在地方层面实施,这加剧了地方政府间的恶性竞争,各地竞相推动本土企业成为行业领军者。”

文章认为,这种地方层面的恶性竞争造成了亏损企业往往能获得高额补贴,不会破产、不会退出市场,反而加剧北京中央政府所抨击的“内卷式竞争”,并进一步将内卷压力传导到出口市场,从而恶化与其他国家的经贸关系。

作者随后笔锋一转,指出德国依然可以借鉴中国产业政策中的某些做法,并吸取中国的教训。

“例如,现在欧盟一直在考虑强制外国投资者转让技术。其实,中国当年用这一政策并没有取得多大成就。中国汽车厂商尽管和外国品牌合作了几十年,却始终没能造出世界一流水平的内燃机。相比之下,强制本土化政策则有效得多。比如,特斯拉2018年进入中国时,就被要求必须在中国本土建立起供应链。这一举措促成了一个极具竞争力的产业生态,中国车企后来也从中获益匪浅。”

“因此,只要措施得当,中国企业在德国投资建厂完全可以助推德国工业的现代化。当然,中国在这方面的合作意愿也并非无限的。就在不久前,北京出台了措施,限制对外转让具有战略价值的关键技术与产能。”

“长远而言,德国别无选择,只能自己加倍努力改善营商环境、调动投资、培育创新并实现工业基础的现代化。”

专门聚焦中国议题的德国网络媒体 China.Table 刊发了题为“中国为何要唱衰德国经济”的分析文章。作者指出,长期以来对德国经济模式赞叹不已的中国官媒,近期却纷纷唱衰德国经济,这很可能是为了说明北京自己的经济发展路线是正确的。

“‘东升西降’长期以来一直是习近平信奉的理念。中国媒体对德国经济的分析也服务于这一论断。这一点在官媒《求是》杂志文章里提到的‘百年未有之大变局’表述中体现得尤为明显。该表述指的是当前的地缘政治动荡,而在中国看来,这正是其自身崛起并登上‘后西方’世界秩序顶峰的契机。”

“欧盟目前正准备在对华关系上采取更强硬的立场,一场贸易冲突似乎一触即发。迄今为止,中国并未退缩:上周,中国商务部表示坚决反对欧盟提出的减少对欧电动汽车出口的要求。早在7月,与中国央视有关联的微信公众号‘玉渊谭天’就曾宣称,如有必要,中国已准备好全面冻结与欧盟的关系。然而,中国的实际筹码并不像其声称的那样强大。”

“其实,中国经济如今也面临停滞,中国的人口正在老化。某些分析文章中的‘德国’完全可以替换成‘中国’,其论断也依然有效。中国的经济正遭受巨大挑战。美国外交关系委员会主席弗罗曼(Michael B. Froman)近期就在《外交事务》杂志上撰文指出,中国的产能之大,已经超出了全球市场的总消化能力;但同时,中国政府却依然在建立可持续经济体系方面犹豫不决。弗罗曼认为,长远来看,中国的巨额贸易顺差将会因为缺乏买家而崩塌。”

“美国约翰-霍普金斯大学政治经济学教授洪浩丰(Ho-fung Hung)曾指出,西方对中国的看法就像钟摆一样在钦佩和反感之间振荡。目前,局面似乎更多地向‘钦佩’移动,这种转变与北京的‘西方衰落’叙事不谋而合。即便在西方媒体中,这种叙事也常出现。直言不讳地指出德国经济的结构性缺陷固然非常重要,但是我们欧洲人也要批判地看待这个问题:所谓‘西方衰落’之叙事,究竟是如何正中习近平之下怀。”

Open Questions

  • 欧盟是否会实施针对中国电动汽车的关税措施?
  • 德国工业界如何平衡对华市场依赖与供应链安全?

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