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Back欧洲因缺乏勇气而不敢应对中国贸易挑战,德国媒体警告需提升竞争力
欧洲因缺乏勇气而不敢应对中国贸易挑战,德国媒体警告需提升竞争力
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德国之声36 minutes agoWorld2 min readChina

欧洲因缺乏勇气而不敢应对中国贸易挑战,德国媒体警告需提升竞争力

Quick Look

德国《南德意志报》和《商报》评论指出,欧洲虽具反制工具却因缺乏勇气不敢使用,中国利用分而治之策略施压;德国经济虽有回暖迹象,但中国冲击2.0仍是结构性挑战,需通过改革提升竞争力以抗衡中国扭曲市场行为。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

欧盟已具备反胁迫工具,可征收反制关税、限制投标和投资,但从未使用;2023年欧盟启动对华电动车反补贴调查,2024年征税后中国对欧盟白兰地等产品报复;德国经济虽有回暖但私人消费和企业投资低迷,中国在核心工业领域成为直接竞争对手。

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(德国之声中文网)《南德意志报》评论写道,北京坚信,欧洲绝不会同中国展开一场贸易战。这倒不是因为欧洲没有应战能力,而是欧洲缺乏相应的勇气。这篇题为《欧洲的问题是缺乏勇气》的评论写道:

“为了应对外界的经济胁迫,欧盟已经采取了一系列措施。其中‘反胁迫工具’(Anti-Coercion Instrument)就非常强劲有力。它所针对的,也正是欧盟所最担心的情况:北京以关税、出口管制或封锁市场作为要挟,强迫欧洲撤回某项政治决定。‘反胁迫工具’允许欧盟征收反制关税、禁止相关国家参加欧盟的公共投标、并对其实施投资和专利限制。上述反制措施可谓威力强大,但问题在于,欧盟却从未使用过这一工具。

事实上,欧盟曾有多次使用这一反制工具的机会。2023年10月,欧盟启动了针对中国电动车的调查。欧盟认为,中国电动车获得了过高的补贴,以至于欧洲汽车制造商根本无法与之展开价格竞争。在此问题上,布鲁塞尔表现坚决,并最终在2024年10月启动了对中国电动车的反补贴关税。北京也立即做出回应:开始对从欧盟进口的白兰地、猪肉以及奶制品启动关税措施。表面上看,中国只是启动了正常的贸易保护程序。中方声称,上述措施同欧盟针对中国电动车的关税毫无关联。的确,受政府补贴的电动车同发酵的奶酪之间确实毫无经济关联,但政治上的关联却相当明显。因为,受奶酪关税冲击的,恰恰是那些即将在欧盟投票支持电动车关税的国家。中国的做法绝非出于偶然,对此,欧盟也心知肚明。2025年7月,欧盟就已表示,中国的行为模式令人担忧。”

既然布鲁塞尔明知中国在滥用关税手段,却为何迟迟不肯拿出反胁迫工具呢?《南德意志报》评论认为,面对中国“分而治之,各个击破”的战略,长期以来,欧洲人一直听之任之,却始终拿不出共同应对的勇气:

“只有欧盟拿出愿意应对挑战的勇气,北京对欧洲的印象才会有所改变。只有言出必行,才能形成真正的威慑。

为此目的,欧盟必须强大自身。中国已经吸取了第一次中美贸易战的教训,并做好了战略准备。而对欧盟来说,储备好战略原材料至关重要。欧盟已经着手相关事宜,但进展却相当迟缓。除此之外,欧盟还必须建立相应的防备机制,以便在北京对单个成员国施压时,欧盟各国能够共同出手相助。欧盟还应具备相应的政治意愿,在必要时采取果断措施。

这一切都不意味着要同中国展开贸易战,它们恰恰是避免贸易战而必须具备的前提。反之,如果让中国看透了欧盟不敢采取反制措施的本性,那么,中国就不会再将欧盟视为值得认真对待的竞争对手,而充其量只是一个倾销中国产品的市场。”

“中国竞争仍是德国工业面临的核心挑战”

《商报》一篇关于德国经济局势的评论写道:

“当前的经济形势令人鼓舞。但与此同时,‘中国冲击2.0‘仍是德国面临的、结构性的核心挑战。在越来越多的核心工业领域,中国企业正在成为德国企业的直接竞争对手,即便是在欧洲市场上,情况也不例外。德国经济当前的回暖,并不能缓解来自中国的挑战。德国和欧洲必须通过改革,切实提升自身竞争力,并以实际行动来抗衡中国扭曲市场竞争和操控汇率的行为。

纵观德国经济,仍有一个重要问题亟待解决:私人消费以及企业投资仍显低迷。这台发动机还有待启动。不过,只要出口、公共投资和市场预期能够进一步稳固,私人消费和企业投资也有望恢复活力。届时,当前的经济趋稳势头就有可能会发展成更为广泛的复苏。实现良性循环的框架条件已经有了明显的改善。”

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 欧盟将在未来几个月内面临更大压力以启动反胁迫工具应对中国贸易行为

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 欧盟何时才会启动反胁迫工具?
  • 德国能否通过改革真正提升对华竞争力?
  • 中国是否会加大对欧洲国家的分离施压?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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