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Back歐洲擔憂俄羅斯威脅電網安全 法國規劃2027年危機演習
歐洲擔憂俄羅斯威脅電網安全 法國規劃2027年危機演習
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中央社38 minutes agoWorld2 min readChina

歐洲擔憂俄羅斯威脅電網安全 法國規劃2027年危機演習

Quick Look

在俄羅斯與歐洲關係緊張的背景下,立陶宛脫離俄羅斯電網後加強防範,歐洲多國遭遇能源基礎設施網路與實體攻擊,懷疑與俄羅斯有關。法國國家資訊系統安全局指出,這是歐盟暨北約成員國首次發生此類事件,並將於2027年舉辦大型危機管理演習,以應對大規模斷電風險。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

立陶宛、拉脫維亞和愛沙尼亞於2025年2月脫離俄羅斯電網並連接歐洲電網,以降低對俄羅斯能源的依賴。此舉使該地區成為俄羅斯潜在報復的目標。

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(中央社記者曾依璇巴黎3日專電)在與俄羅斯關係緊張的背景下,歐洲正嚴肅看待大規模斷電的風險,法國也規劃於2027年舉行危機模擬演習。

世界報(Le Monde)報導,立陶宛與拉脫維亞、愛沙尼亞於2025年2月脫離俄羅斯電網,連結歐洲電網,如今立陶宛阿利圖斯(Alytus)變電中心連結波蘭的高壓電線。

一年多過去,立陶宛仍保持高度戒備,近期無人機入侵事件加深不信任感,因此立陶宛採取行動,要在俄羅斯蓄意攻擊關鍵基礎設施時保護電網,包括混凝土屏障、反無人機網、儲備設備及戰略零組件等。

立陶宛鄰近俄羅斯,因此格外戒備,但剛於今年7月卸任的立陶宛前能源部長瓦伊丘納斯(Žygimantas Vaičiūnas)警告,所有歐盟成員國都必須做好保護關鍵能源基礎設施免於破壞和網路攻擊的準備。

歐洲各地頻頻出現可疑事件和秘密攻擊,能源領域往往不能倖免這類行動或挑釁,許多國家懷疑幕後黑手是俄羅斯,例如今年8月20日,羅馬尼亞宣布摧毀一架裝載爆裂物的海上無人機,而這架無人機一度距離一個黑海天然氣平台僅數百公尺。

2025年12月,波蘭在暴風雪天氣下,多座風力和太陽能發電廠及一座發電供暖設施同時遭遇網路攻擊,靠著安全軟體和電廠設備商反應及時才阻止。經過調查,今年8月得出的結論是這起攻擊案比預想更複雜,波蘭和法國等盟國認為源頭是與俄羅斯情報單位有關的駭客。

法國國家資訊系統安全局(ANSSI)局長斯特魯貝爾(Vincent Strubel)談到此案時強調,這是歐盟暨北約成員國第一次發生這種事。

鑒於歐洲大舉投資電力以降低對天然氣和石油的依賴,保護電網顯得更為重要。

法國國家資訊系統安全局今年1月公告,數月間收到許多針對小型能源設施的網路攻擊通報,這些歸因於駭客組織的攻擊,目的是破壞穩定,最成功的一次攻擊導致一座風力發電廠停擺數小時。

為因應最壞的狀況,法國正籌劃於2027年舉行大型危機管理演習,目標是整理出一份機密清單,詳列電網的威脅和弱點。這項演習結合各部會、各省和地方機關之力,共同應對大規模停電的後果,以及如何在通訊網絡出問題的情況下與大眾溝通。

由於防範成本很高,通常無法預防所有破壞企圖。歐洲電力產業協會Eurelectric秘書長魯比(Kristian Ruby)說:「我們不可能時時刻刻保護所有基礎設施,光是電網就有數以百萬計公里的線路遍布歐洲,但我們必須極力避免攻擊得逞後造成大規模影響。」

這項挑戰包括找出電網關鍵節點、盡可能實現能源結構多元化,同時確保備用資產,例如火力發電廠和電池儲能系統,以便在電網故障時供應能源。

法國軍事學校(École militaire)戰略研究所副研究員派勒(Angélique Palle)認為,歐洲電網非常穩定,很難大規模癱瘓,普通小團體根本做不到,「但不能排除有人趁天氣狀況不佳時發起協同實體攻擊和網路攻擊,導致大範圍區域性停電」。

此外,在法國以至整個歐洲,網路安全專家都警告不斷演變的威脅,有些再生能源相關零組件引發了新的擔憂,例如變流器。歐洲使用的變流器絕大多數來自中國製造商。

歐洲太陽能製造業委員會(ESMC)秘書長波德維爾斯(Christoph Podewils)表示:「這些變流器連結網路,可遠端控制。」這意味著有可能被用來干擾電網。

這種擔憂正促使歐盟執行委員會思考,如何將含有潛在「高風險」國家變流器的計畫排除在歐洲資助之外,這類國家包括中國、伊朗、俄羅斯。(編輯:唐聲揚)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 法國將於2027年舉辦大型危機管理演習,以應對大規模斷電場景

    Very likely · Within years

  • 歐盟將考慮將含有來自中國、伊朗、俄羅斯等國家變流器的項目排除在資助之外

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 俄羅斯是否直接參與了對歐洲能源設施的網路和無人機攻擊?
  • 歐盟將如何篩選和限制來自被視為高風險國家的變流器?
  • 法國2027年的危機演習將具體包括哪些應對程序和部門協調?

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This article was originally published by 中央社.

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