
从君主制覆灭、啤酒馆暴动、“水晶之夜”到柏林墙倒塌,11月9日四次书写了德国历史。
11月9日是德国历史上意义重大的日子,曾四次见证重大历史转折:1918年共和国建立、1923年希特勒啤酒馆暴动、1938年“水晶之夜”犹太人大屠杀总彩排,以及1989年柏林墙倒塌与随后的德国统一。
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11月9日在德国历史上多次发生决定国家命运的重大事件,包括1918年共和国建立、1923年政变、1938年反犹暴动以及1989年柏林墙倒塌。
(德国之声中文网)1989年11月9日,柏林墙倒塌。这是一个改变世界的日子。柏林墙倒塌一年之后,也就是1990年10月3日,经历了41年分裂的德国重新实现统一。随着在德国土地上铲除民主德国这一独裁统治,欧洲现实社会主义阵营整个从政治版图上消失。东西方冲突也随之结束。1989年的11月9日,堪称决定德国乃至欧洲命运的日子。
结束君主制
在德国历史上,11月9日这一天,还发生过数起重要事件。1918年社会民主党人施艾德曼(Philipp Scheidemann)在柏林帝国大厦宣布建立共和国,威廉二世统治的君主制结束了:
"工人和士兵,你们清楚这一天的历史意义。前所未有的事情发生了。我们面前的工作很多,也很复杂。一切都是从人民而来,一切都是为了人民。不允许发生给工人运动带来耻辱的事情。团结起来,忠诚并负有责任感!旧的和腐朽的皇权君主制崩溃了。新生万岁。德意志共和国万岁!"
希特勒的"啤酒馆暴动"
德国年轻的民主制从一开始就遇到很大困难,它受到来自左右阵营的双重攻击。1923年11月9日,国社党人(纳粹)在慕尼黑发动政变后举行游行示威,他们的首领正是希特勒。这一行动史称希特勒"啤酒馆暴动"。10年后,希特勒合法取得统治德国的权力,此后将整个世界推进灾难性的第二次世界大战。
犹太大屠杀的总彩排"水晶之夜"
在这个过程中,生活在德国的犹太人被一步步剥夺了权利和财富。从1942年开始,犹太人遭到系统性杀害。而此前的1938年11月9日,第二次世界大战开始之前,在整个德意志帝国发生了焚烧犹太教堂、砸毁和抢劫犹太商店的事件。当天有大约100名犹太人被杀害,26000人送入集中营。
历史上,这天被称作"水晶之夜",它如同一场犹太大屠杀的"总彩排"。纳粹党德意志工作阵线的头目莱伊(Robert Ley)对此并不掩饰。他在一次集会叫嚷:"犹太人就会、也必须死掉。犹太人就会、也必须毁灭。这是我们神圣的信念。"
柏林墙倒塌
1989年11月9日柏林墙倒塌。那天夜里,人们最常听到的词汇是"难以置信",通往西方的边界突然间开放了。多月来,东德人民反政府的示威游行从未间断,数千人经过匈牙利和设在东欧国家的西德使馆逃入西方,东德人民要求自由旅行给政府带来的压力日益增高。然而,人们没有料到边界开放。当天,东柏林政府举行的一个国际记者会宣布,开放边界的规定"立即生效"。数万人涌向东柏林的边境处。他们激动地表示:
"过去,他们总是逐一放行的,现在,他们打开了大门。现在,我们什么证件都不用显示,无需检查,就可以走人了。我都没有带证件。"
历史的车轮没有倒转。11月9日第四次书写了德国的历史,而这次是幸运的一笔。即便后来经历了许许多多的困难,但这一事实已无法改变:柏林墙倒塌后,德意志民族完成了统一。不能忘却的是,比国家形式上统一更难的,是实现真正的内在的统一。

Hohhot Baita International Airport, which has been in service for 68 years, will be closed and transferred to Shengle International Airport on November 26. In the past few days, Hohhot citizens and aviation enthusiasts have gone to Baita Airport to say goodbye and preserve their common memories of the city.

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