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Back“双11”电商大促再度开启 专家提示法律风险防范要点
“双11”电商大促再度开启 专家提示法律风险防范要点
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中国新闻网32 minutes agoBusiness12 min readChinaView translation

“双11”电商大促再度开启 专家提示法律风险防范要点

法律专家剖析隐性广告、AI虚拟人带货、信用支付及价格欺诈等典型问题,提供消费维权指引

Quick Look

双11期间,隐性广告、AI虚拟人带货、信用支付及价格魔术等消费陷阱频发。法律专家指出,博主隐瞒商业关系不标“广告”违反广告法,AI虚拟人“亲测”涉嫌虚假广告,默认勾选授信侵害知情权,先涨后降再打折构成价格欺诈。专家建议消费者留存证据、理性消费,维权可拨打12363。

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Why It Matters

一年一度的“双11”电商大促已成为观察数字消费生态的重要窗口。当前电商营销模式迭代升级,网络消费场景更加多元,营销方式不断翻新。为防范消费陷阱、保障消费者合法权益,中国消费者协会、各地市场监管部门等近期陆续发布专项消费提示,涵盖直播带货、AI营销、信贷支付、价格促销等方面问题。《法治日报》记者选取消费提示中几类典型问题,采访相关领域法律专家,深入剖析背后的法律问题,帮助消费者“避坑”。

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一年一度的“双11”电商大促,已成为观察数字消费生态的重要窗口。

当前,电商营销模式迭代升级,网络消费场景更加多元,营销方式不断翻新,为防范消费陷阱、保障消费者合法权益,多家组织机构发布消费提示,引导消费者科学理性消费,远离消费风险。

与此同时,“消费审批”类小程序悄然走红,成为数字消费领域的新现象,折射出当前部分消费者克制冲动消费、追求理性消费的心态。

消费者该如何穿透营销“迷雾”,辨别各类消费套路?“消费审批”类小程序在给冲动消费“踩刹车”的同时,潜藏哪些法律风险?法治经纬版今日刊发两篇稿件,分别聚焦消费场景中的权益保护和新型消费工具合规问题,为消费者提供消费法律指引,推动消费新业态在法治轨道上行稳致远。敬请关注。

一年一度的“双11”电商大促如约开启,各大平台预售、现货促销活动密集上线。

为防范消费陷阱、保障消费者合法权益,中国消费者协会、各地市场监管部门等近期陆续发布专项消费提示,涵盖直播带货、AI营销、信贷支付、价格促销等方面问题。《法治日报》记者选取消费提示中几类典型问题,采访相关领域法律专家,深入剖析背后的法律问题,帮助消费者“避坑”。

分享“好物清单”

如有推广属“隐性广告”

中国消费者协会、中国市场监督管理学会、中国物品编码中心联合发布的消费提示指出,消费者需要理性看待第三方测评,一些测评账号缺乏科学方法和实验凭证,话术充满“必入”“谁不买谁后悔”等情绪引导,实则可能带有广告性质。消费者应将直播展示和测评结论作为参考之一,而非决策的唯一依据,对食品、保健食品、化妆品等关乎健康的产品,还要核实资质、成分和生产许可信息。

记者调查发现,一些博主会通过发布“好物清单”“商品测评”等方式带货,不少消费者将此类内容当作购物经验分享,并未意识到背后可能存在的商业合作关系。对此,受访专家指出,博主通过赠品、返利激励,引导消费者定向跳转链接完成交易,借助粉丝信任完成商业转化,这类软性推广隐蔽性强,一般消费者很难分辨内容究竟是客观体验还是广告。购买了“推荐”的商品后,一旦出现质量瑕疵,部分博主会以“仅个人分享”为由推卸责任,增加消费者维权难度。

长期参与电子商务、人工智能(AI)政策法律制定的北京德恒律师事务所全球合伙人张韬律师接受记者采访时说,以测评、好物清单、选购攻略之名,行商业推广之实属于“隐性广告”。根据广告法第十四条的规定,广告应当具有可识别性,能够使消费者辨明其为广告。《互联网广告管理办法》第九条进一步规定,除法律、行政法规禁止发布或者变相发布广告的情形外,通过知识介绍、体验分享、消费测评等形式推销商品或者服务,并附加购物链接等购买方式的,广告发布者应当显著标明“广告”。内容发布者若隐瞒商业合作关系、不标注“广告”标识,则违反上述法律规定。

张韬进一步介绍,不标明“广告”会产生多重法律后果。一是可能面临行政处罚,由市场监督管理部门责令其改正,并对广告发布者处10万元以下的罚款。二是可能面临民事赔偿,如果测评内容美化商品、虚构使用感受,宣传内容虚假或者引人误解,消费者可以根据消费者权益保护法主张退货退款乃至惩罚性赔偿。

“博主如果收取佣金、附加链接并实质参与广告发布,则属于广告发布者;如果博主在内容中以自己的名义或者形象对商品、服务作推荐、证明的,则属于广告代言人。发布虚假广告造成消费者损害,博主明知或者应知广告虚假仍作推荐、证明的,应当与广告主承担连带责任。”张韬说。

华东政法大学经济法学院(国际金融法律学院)副院长、教授任超在采访中提示,消费者下单前应当留意测评等相关内容是否标注“广告”或可能产生利益关联,保存测评视频、购买链接截图,当权益受损需要起诉维权时,可将商家与博主一并列为投诉、诉讼对象。

AI虚拟人“带货”

有可能涉嫌虚假广告

近年来,AI数字人直播、AI合成形象带货成为新型营销方式。然而,部分商家利用AI虚拟人进行商品推荐,甚至使用AI换脸、合成声音,模仿公众人物进行带货宣传;部分内容AI标识标注不醒目,虚拟人本身无法真实体验商品,却使用“亲测好用”等推荐话术。此外,一些商家在商品介绍页面采用AI生成图片,导致实物与宣传严重不符。

“AI虚拟人不具有法律上的主体资格,带货宣传的法律责任归属于背后的商家。”张韬解释,AI虚拟人无法实际使用商品,如其以“亲测有效”等体验式话术作推荐,本质上属于虚构使用效果,涉嫌虚假广告。即便页面标注“AI生成”,也不能免除商家虚假宣传的法律责任。标注“AI生成”只是告知内容技术来源,无法改变宣传内容虚假的客观事实。

任超分析,商家未经许可,采用技术手段复刻名人肖像、声音制作带货视频进行销售,一方面侵害了自然人肖像权与声音权益,另一方面虚构名人代言效果,构成虚假广告,属于法律明确禁止的商业宣传行为。

“商家应是第一责任人,必须对宣传内容真实性负责;AI内容制作方作为广告经营者,明知或者应知广告虚假仍设计、制作的,应当与广告主(即商家)承担连带责任;电商平台知道或者应当知道平台内经营者利用AI内容侵害消费者合法权益,未采取必要措施的,依法承担连带责任。”任超说。

受访专家提示,消费者应以商品详情页文字参数、实物评价作为参考;遭遇AI换脸虚假代言、AI生成宣传图商品货不对板等情况,要及时保存截图、录屏证据,依法主张自身合法权益。

在付款环节,记者观察多个平台发现,一些购物平台把“先用后付”“平台月付”等信用付服务嵌入结算流程;还有平台设置信贷付款专属优惠,以小额红包、立减福利引导消费者选择信贷支付。

任超认为,信用支付本质上属于消费信贷,开通授信属于处理敏感个人信息,应当取得个人单独同意。默认勾选模式,未获得消费者明确许可即完成授信,涉嫌侵害消费者知情权、自主选择权,同时也违反电子商务法中搭售不得设置为默认同意选项的相关规定。

“单纯提供信贷支付优惠本身并不违法,但不能刻意弱化信贷属性,更不应设置复杂障碍阻碍用户关闭服务。”张韬说。

受访专家提示广大消费者,大促结算环节一定要仔细核对付款选项,理性评估自身还款能力,避免过度超前消费;老年消费者尽量在家人协助下完成下单操作。若“被默认”开通信用付,可先联系平台要求关闭服务并留存沟通记录;协商不成,可拨打金融消费权益保护咨询投诉电话12363进行投诉维权。

付款“价格魔术”

下单前仔细甄别规则

价格问题是历年“双11”高频投诉问题。国家市场监督管理总局数据显示,2025年“双11”期间,全国12315平台接收价格投诉举报9.9万件,环比增长17.4%,保价相关投诉举报2.2万件,环比增长3.3倍。

近日,福建省消费者权益保护委员会发布“双11”消费提示,其中指出,大促期间,“先涨后降再打折”、预售定金规则表述模糊、直播间夸大宣传等问题相对集中。

中消协等联合发布的消费提示中同样指出,警惕“价格魔术”,不要以页面折价幅度判断优惠。部分经营者会在促销前先行提高商品标价,再以“打折”“直降”名义制造降价假象,实际成交价未必低于平日。

任超表示,商家宣称“预售最低价”时,该价格承诺对消费者支付定金下单产生实质影响。商家事后现货售价更低,无正当理由不履行价格承诺的,符合《明码标价和禁止价格欺诈规定》列举的价格欺诈情形。价保承诺属于合同重要组成部分,如商家人为制造商品链接差异阻碍消费者申请价保,则违背诚实信用原则。

“商家若通过更换商品链接、修改商品规格等方式规避价保,则属于刻意规避价格承诺的违规行为,涉嫌欺诈。”张韬补充道。

两位专家建议,消费者参与预售下单前,务必仔细读懂定金退还条件、价保起算时间,对商家宣传的“最低价”“全年最低”做好截图留证;发现商家更换链接、修改规格逃避价保,要保存好新旧商品型号、规格对比证据,优先向平台发起申诉,也可以通过全国12315平台等渠道进行举报,依法追回差价,维护自身财产权益。

消费提示

结合消费领域高频问题,张韬从事前、事中、事后三个环节,总结了六方面法律风险防范要点。

第一,理性对待“种草”与“测评”。对无广告标识、以“素人体验”“好物分享”等形式推广并附上购买链接的情况,要通过交叉信息验证等方式多方验证之后再决定购买。

第二,认清AI营销的“虚拟”本质。AI数字人等不代表真实体验或真实代言,切勿盲目信任,应多加留意页面AI标识。

第三,结算时注意付款方式。下单前应当核对付款方式,对于“月付”“先用后付”等信贷产品,需要注意查看利率、逾期责任和征信影响;不接受默认勾选,一旦误开通,立即通过支付设置关闭该项服务。

第四,作出预售决策前,先看明规则再付定金。

第五,重大、重要交易注意留存相应证据。宣传页、订单、聊天记录、录屏和支付凭证分类保存,如商家更换链接、修改规格的,及时做好新旧商品同一性比对。

第六,及时维权。出现合法权益受损等问题时,可以通过平台投诉、协商,向相应监管部门或者行业组织投诉等方式解决。

记者 孙天骄

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 监管部门将加大对隐性广告和AI虚拟人带货的查处力度

    Likely · Within weeks

  • 消费者维权意识将进一步增强,12363等投诉渠道使用量可能上升

    Likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 监管部门对违规博主和平台的具体处罚执行情况如何?
  • 消费者在实际维权中遇到的主要障碍有哪些?
  • AI虚拟人带货的行业标准和监管细则是否已出台?

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