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Back歐盟擬設中國混動車進口配額 最快12月生效
歐盟擬設中國混動車進口配額 最快12月生效
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德国之声2 hours agoWorld2 min readChinaView translation

歐盟擬設中國混動車進口配額 最快12月生效

Quick Look

欧盟计划在未来四年对中国的油电混合车设进口配额,2027年上限为35万辆,之后每年增加6%。中国表示将接受该配额且不采取报复,并将减免部分商品关税。双方同意交换出口限制信息并讨论稀土供应问题。中国商务部称共识维护了企业实际利益并避免贸易摩擦升级。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

欧盟此前对中国电动汽车加征关税,但混动汽车未被纳入该范围。中国混动汽车出口欧盟量增长,部分原因在于此政策差异。欧中贸易逆差持续扩大,车辆和机械设备是主要因素。

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(德国之声中文网)据彭博週日(10月11日)报道,欧盟打算在接下来4年对中国的油电混合车设下进口配额,2027年上限设为35万辆,之后3年每年增加6%。在上週的欧盟与中国贸易投资磋商会后,双方曾表示已针对混动汽车“达成谅解”。

《金融时报》报道称,这项配额措施不须在“市场遭不当操纵”前提下即可实施,这代表中国出口车辆若超过配额,就可能面臨大幅提高的额外关税。

有知情者透露,中方将接受欧盟的配额,不会为此对欧盟采取报复行动。

根据上述媒体取得的文件,为符合WTO不歧视原则,欧中达成的进口限额不仅限于中国制造的车辆,而将适用所有进口至欧盟的油电混合车及插电式油电混合车,包括与欧盟签有自由贸易协定的国家;中国的配额不得低于其他任何混动汽车进口来源。

欧洲经济区成员国、乌克兰、肯尼亚,以及进口占比偏低的开发中WTO会员国将获得豁免。

与此同时,中国将取消部分汽车部件的关税,并将鞋类、冰激淋及橄榄油的关税减半。文件指出,这些措施同样是暂时性的,涵盖出口总值约40亿欧元的商品。

双方也将讨论如何放宽出口管制及许可程序,尤其是稀土与永久磁铁的供应问题。欧中双方并同意交换更多有关彼此出口限制措施的资讯。

上述消息传出之前,欧盟贸易事务执委谢夫乔维奇(Maroš Šefčovič)8至9日曾在北京与中国商务部长王文涛会面,举行中欧贸易投资磋商机制(简称机制)第二次例会,达成16项成果共识,并同意“作为关键贸易伙伴,在世贸组织规则框架下,妥善处理双方分歧,致力于继续稳定双边经贸关系,并使其更加平衡”。

下一次中欧贸易投资磋商机制的例会已订于明年3月举行,在那之前将于1月举行部长级的在线视频会议。

中国:中欧共识“有力维护了中国企业的实际利益”

週一(12日),中国商务部官网以“答记者问”形式回应前述媒体报道,并未证实进口额度的数字,但称中欧双方针对混动汽车,“强调并确认了三项基本原则”,首先是“尊重事实”,依据2025年欧盟进口中国混动汽车的数量(30.2万辆)为基础向上安排,“确保中国企业的出口空间和稳定增长,照顾了双方产业基于现实的合理关切”。

另外两项原则是“非歧视”,以及在世贸组织规则下的“合规”。

针对电动车,中国商务部则称双方在今年1月实现反补贴案“软著陆”,后续欧方将继续推进相关程序。这指的是欧盟委员会当时公布的一份一般性指导意见,据此,中国电动汽车制造商可以作出最低价格承诺——即为出口欧盟的电动车设定最低价格,以抵消政府补贴。换言之,最低进口价格机制将取代关税。

中国商务部还称,上述共识“有力维护了中国企业的实际利益,避免了中欧贸易摩擦局面升级”。

12日稍早,《人民日报》的“钟声”时评专栏则称,这场北京谈判显示,欧盟与中国“完全有智慧”管理彼此分歧。

谢夫乔维奇表示,9日达成的协议将成为下一阶段谈判的“蓝图”,并证明与中国的谈判可以取得成果。

彭博引述知情人士表示,谢夫乔维奇11日向各国驻欧盟大使简报后,大使们大致对谈判成果表示欢迎,但强调这只是重新平衡双边贸易关系的起点。这些人士因讨论内容涉及内部事务而要求匿名。

欧洲汽车制造商协会(ACEA)总干事德弗里斯(Sigrid de Vries)也表示,协议有助于“以有序方式推动中国在欧洲市场进入新阶段,这符合各方的长期利益”。

盡管谈判迄今已取得具体成果,但部分欧洲官员担心,考量贸易逆差规模庞大,缩减逆差的进展可能过于缓慢,而欧盟所剩时间不多。欧洲执委会预计在年底前提出多项工具,以分散供应来源并处理欧中贸易失衡问题。

在此次谈判前,法国与德国呼吁欧盟大幅扩大经济反制权力,甚至建议考虑与发动贸易战的对象切断贸易关系。这两个欧洲最大经济体也希望欧盟调查获补贴的进口商品是否损害欧洲的化学品、塑胶等产业;相关调查可能带来更多关税措施。

这项提议被视为对北京施压的策略,也代表德国开始支持更强硬的措施,而这些做法过去曾遭德国反对。

欧中贸易失衡

中国混合动力汽车销量增加,部分原因是这类车款未被纳入欧盟2024年对电动车加征的关税范圍。

欧盟对中国的贸易逆差去年达到3600亿欧元,并正持续扩大。2026年第二季,逆差额为1030亿欧元,高于去年同期的930亿欧元。其中,车辆和机械设备是造成逆差的主要因素。今年8月,中国制造的汽车约占欧洲混动汽车销量的四分之一。

与此同时,中国也愈来愈依赖对外出口支撑自身经济成长。面对中国国内消费市场低迷,中国奇瑞汽车(Chery)等车厂大幅增加对欧盟的出货量,进一步加剧欧洲车厂面臨的市场放缓问题。

欧洲车厂近年则在全球表现名列后段,奔驰集团(Mercedes-Benz Group)第三季汽车销量下滑8%;福斯汽车(Volkswagen)上个月下修获利预测,此前宝马(BMW)也在6月发布类似警讯。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 下一次中欧贸易投资磋商机制例会将于明年3月举行,届时将进一步讨论稀土供应和出口管制问题

    Very likely · Within months

  • 欧盟将在年底前提出多项工具以分散供应来源并处理欧中贸易失衡

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 具体哪些汽车部件将取消关税?
  • 鞋类、冰激淋和橄榄油关税减半的实施细节是什么?
  • 稀土和永久磁铁供应问题的后续谈判时间表是什么?
  • 欧盟年底前提出的供应分散工具具体包括哪些?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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