
北韓近期演習顯示其正效仿烏克蘭與中東戰場經驗,整合無人系統與飛彈以壓制敵方防禦
北韓近期演練結合無人機、極音速飛彈與多管火箭的「蜂群攻擊」戰術,旨在透過多向度飽和攻擊壓制防空系統。專家指出,此舉效仿烏克蘭與中東戰場經驗,恐將改變朝鮮半島軍事平衡並對美盟國防禦庫存構成壓力。
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北韓近期與俄羅斯簽署共同防禦條約,並加速傳統部隊現代化與核武計畫。此類多向度攻擊戰術已在烏克蘭及伊朗衝突中被廣泛應用。
北韓已開始採用在烏克蘭與中東戰場上使用的戰術,演練結合無人系統與傳統武器的「蜂群攻擊」(swarm attacks),恐將對美國及其盟國的防空系統構成挑戰。
華爾街日報26日報導,北韓本月首度進行一場結合攻擊無人機、具核打擊能力的飛彈、火箭與長程火砲的演習。官方媒體聲稱,這項演習旨在磨練跨武器系統的整合能力,透過「集中火力」在「組織與結構上殲滅敵方武裝部隊」。
隨後在9月20日,平壤當局宣稱發射2枚極音速飛彈。這類設計為以至少5倍音速飛行的飛彈,能憑藉其速度與中途改變方向的能力,突破防空系統。親自視察試射的北韓領導人金正恩聲稱,這些飛彈代表「超現代」(ultramodern)技術。
24日,北韓官媒更報導,人民軍試射配備無人「精準」(pinpoint)導引系統的改良型240公釐多管火箭系統砲彈。
這種高度依賴無人機與飛彈的多向度攻擊(multidimensional attack),已成為烏克蘭戰爭的常態,在伊朗衝突中也日益頻繁。這類聯合攻擊暴露西方防空系統的弱點,因為後者高度依賴昂貴的攔截飛彈來擊落來襲的拋射物。
卡內基國際和平基金會(Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)資深研究員潘達(Ankit Panda)表示,蜂群戰術(又稱齊射、飽和或精準大規模攻擊)可壓制擁有精密防禦系統的對手,「這大幅改變了防空作戰的算計」。
這類以拋射物為主的攻擊,在後勤執行上面臨挑戰,需要整合系統來協調以極大速度差異飛行的武器。這對資金匱乏、且軍隊缺乏頂級硬體設備的北韓來說尤其艱鉅。但金正恩近期已將北韓的蘇聯式傳統部隊的現代化,列為更高優先事項,同時也在推進核武計畫。
與俄羅斯日益緊密的軍事合作,有助於加速這些努力,包括將北韓提供的飛彈用於對抗烏克蘭。俄羅斯總統普廷(Vladimir Putin)與金正恩於2024年6月簽署共同防禦條約,為北韓在同年稍晚部署軍隊鋪路。
自伊朗戰爭爆發以來,德黑蘭一直試圖以製造成本低廉許多的無人機與飛彈蜂群,來壓倒高端防空系統。伊朗發動一波接一波的「見證者」(Shahed)無人機攻擊,並結合彈道飛彈與其他飛彈,迫使美國及其區域盟友耗盡昂貴的攔截飛彈。
儘管戰爭也消耗了伊朗的飛彈,但德黑蘭已調整戰術,使用會分裂成多個碎片的彈藥,迫使防禦方消耗更多攔截飛彈,包括集束彈藥與在重返大氣層時會分裂的彈頭,甚至結合各種類型的武器,企圖壓倒對手。
華府智庫「戰略暨國際研究中心」(CSIS)近期的一份報告指出,相較於歐洲和中東的戰爭,涉及中國或北韓的衝突,將對美國及盟國的防空庫存造成更大壓力。武裝衝突的勝負將日益取決於其中一方生產飛彈的速度,是否能快過另一方補充防空系統的速度;「大規模齊射飛彈與無人機,定義了現代戰爭」。
倫敦智庫「國際戰略研究所」(IISS)韓國事務主席金萊美(Lami Kim,音譯)指出,若朝鮮半島爆發戰火,將無人機加入北韓的飛彈火力中,可能會耗盡南韓的防空系統,並提高後續以戰術核武等更強大武器進行攻擊的成功率;「北韓不斷增長的無人機能力,一旦與其核武及飛彈能力相結合,可能會改變朝鮮半島的軍事平衡。」

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