
文章介绍了中秋节从古至今的演变过程,唐代以文人赏月为主,宋代转向全民狂欢,明清时期月饼互赠和祭月仪式兴盛,如今年轻人通过电子月饼、线上祝福等方式创新过节,但‘月圆人圆’的核心内涵始终未变。
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中秋节是中国传统节日,起源于古代的秋季祭月习俗,后逐渐融合了丰收庆典、家庭团聚等内涵,成为中华文化重要组成部分。
中新网北京9月25日电(记者 上官云)“一年逢好夜,万里见明时。”又是一年中秋节,人们买月饼馈赠亲友,与家人围坐在一起共品美食……以自己的方式来迎接这个美好的节日。
中秋也称为“仲秋”,有“月夕”“秋节”等称谓,是一个颇富浪漫色彩的节日,其主要寓意在于庆祝丰收、家庭团聚,以及提倡人际交往等等。
在古代,人们如何度过这个文化底蕴丰厚的节日?如今,“过中秋”的方式有没有新变化?对此,山东社会科学院文化研究所研究员郑艳表示,在唐代,赏月、玩月是文人的风雅时尚;宋代时到了中秋节,夜市会通宵营业。如今人们的过节方式愈发丰富,但“月圆人圆”的核心始终未变。
资料图:中秋之夜,福建福州的夜空里,一轮圆月高悬,清辉遍洒。中新社记者 王东明 摄
唐朝过中秋,充满诗意
中秋节历史悠久,那么,古人是如何过中秋的?对此,郑艳解释,在古代,中秋的过法在不同朝代会有一些差异,但核心始终围绕“月圆人圆”,只是侧重点不断发生变化。
赏月是中秋节较为核心的集体活动,大体形成于魏晋时期,兴盛于唐宋。唐代是中秋节发展的转折点,此时赏月、玩月成为文人的风雅时尚。
翻阅文献,在唐诗中可见大量以“八月十五”或“中秋”为题的诗文,不过当时赏月风尚多集中在文人和城市居民层面,至中晚唐才逐渐向更广范围的人群扩散。
宋代,中秋节正式成为民俗节日,其过法更具民间节庆的色彩,据记载,东京城内“诸店皆卖新酒”,人们通宵达旦玩月饮酒,夜市通宵营业。
不仅如此,据记载,南宋时期的都城临安更是热闹非常,“酌酒高歌,以卜竟夕之欢”。所以说,两宋时期的中秋节是民众“狂欢”的日子。
“唐代中秋多文人赏月赋诗,意趣偏雅;宋代中秋已全民游乐,市井气浓。”她说。
明清时期,流行互赠月饼
随着时间的推移流逝,到了明清时期,古人过节的方式又出现了新的变化。
资料图:中秋节,一场非遗鱼灯巡游在上海蟠龙天地上演。图为孩子观看鱼灯。中新社记者 殷立勤 摄
“明清时期,中秋节进一步上升为与春节、端午并列的民俗大节。”郑艳表示,此时,“团圆”成为其最明确的主题,月饼作为节令食品和馈赠礼物开始流行。
另外,祭月、拜月也成为了家家户户度过中秋节的核心仪式。人们设“月光位”,供月饼西瓜,叩拜后全家分食供品,民俗更显庄重而温情。
有趣的是,明代以后,祭月仪式中出现了绘有玉兔捣药形象的“月光纸”,至清代更衍化为泥塑的“兔儿爷”,身着甲胄,造型千奇百状,成为人们供奉与把玩的节物。
郑艳解释,玉兔可以视为中秋节的吉祥物,与月亮的联系源远流长,是中秋最具辨识度的符号之一,早在汉代时,人们便普遍认为“月中有兔”。
“它不仅是月宫最具辨识度的居民,更承载了健康、长寿与丰收的吉祥祈愿。”郑艳分析,其形象从庄严的月中仙兽,在明清时期演变为具备一定世俗品性的“兔儿爷”,这是中秋节俗大众化、娱乐化趋势的生动例证之一。
过节方式,愈发丰富
传承至今,种种风俗共同构成了中秋千年流变的丰富内涵。团圆与思念融为一体,与家人一起共度佳节的时光,亦是很多人心底温馨的回忆。
资料图:福建福州闽越水镇举办焰火秀喜迎中秋佳节。(无人机照片)中新社记者 王东明 摄
如今,随着时代变迁和生活水平的提高,物质与文化生活越来越丰富,旅行、看电影、逛街、看中秋晚会……人们过中秋节的方式已愈发丰富。
“我们家如今过中秋节,主要是要一家人聚在一起吃一顿团圆饭,也吃月饼,然后家里人会看中秋晚会,热热闹闹。”有“95后”年轻人如此对记者说道。
郑艳也很早就关注到了这一点,“当代年轻人会在中秋节发电子月饼、晒月亮照片、看中秋晚会,这种过中秋的新方式,可以视为传统节日文化在数字时代的适应性创新。”
所以,电子月饼和线上祝福,是传统“馈赠礼物”与“遥寄情思”在网络空间的延伸;晒月亮照片和观看中秋晚会,则是传统“赏月”与“聚会”行为的数字化呈现。
她认为,这些新的过节方式,其实依然围绕着“月圆人圆”的核心展开,用科技的力量让“天涯共此时”变得更加具体可感,令中秋节的团圆内核在互联网时代得以延续和传播。
在郑艳看来,新的过节形式丰富了节日内涵,只要“团圆”“思念”等最珍贵的情感还在,中秋节的精神内核就会一直传承下去。(完)

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