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Back緊急事態条項、災害対応に必要か 迅速な対応と権力抑制、両立は―創設に賛否・憲法公布80年
緊急事態条項、災害対応に必要か 迅速な対応と権力抑制、両立は―創設に賛否・憲法公布80年
Politics
時事通信5 hours agoPolitics3 min readJapanView translation

緊急事態条項、災害対応に必要か 迅速な対応と権力抑制、両立は―創設に賛否・憲法公布80年

大規模災害への対応を巡り、権限強化の必要性と権力集中の懸念が交錯

Quick Look

日本国憲法公布80年を控え、大規模災害時の対応策として「緊急事態条項」を憲法に明記すべきか議論が続いている。迅速な初動対応を求める専門家と、権力乱用を懸念する専門家の間で意見が分かれており、実務面での課題も指摘されている。

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Why It Matters

日本国憲法は公布から80年を迎える。大規模災害時の政府権限強化を巡り、憲法への緊急事態条項明記の是非が議論されている。

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日本国憲法公布から3日で80年を迎える。首都直下地震や南海トラフ地震などの大規模災害が想定される中、対応策の一つとして政府の権限を一時的に強化する緊急事態条項を憲法に明記すべきか議論が続く。迅速な初動対応に必要だとする意見がある一方、権力集中を招くとの懸念も根強い。立場の異なる3人の識者に見解を聞いた。

河田恵昭・関西大特別任命教授(巨大災害・都市災害)は、大規模災害では複数の機関や省庁にまたがる対応が必要となるため、「既存の法律だけでは十分に対応できない場合が想定される」と説明。災害対策基本法に「災害緊急事態」の規定はあるが、適用には関係機関との調整に時間を要するとし、「その間にも被害は拡大する」と懸念を示す。

このため被害想定などを基に発動要件を定め、一定の基準を超えた場合に緊急事態条項を適用する仕組みが望ましいと主張。専門家の意見などを踏まえ、首相が迅速に意思決定できる体制が必要だと訴える。

一方、憲法改正問題に詳しい永井幸寿弁護士は創設に慎重な立場だ。憲法制定時は、緊急時の政府への権限集中を抑えるなどの理由から緊急事態条項を設けなかったと説明。災害対策基本法などの個別法は必要な範囲に応じて権限や手続きを定めているため、「権力が乱用されにくい」と指摘する。

その上で、災害対応では被災地の実情を最も把握する市町村が一番効果的な対処ができると強調。市町村が機能不全に陥った際は都道府県や国が事務を代行できる仕組みも整備されているとして、現行制度の活用や事前準備が重要との考えを示した。

東日本大震災当時、内閣府で防災担当として対応に当たった小滝晃・国士舘大客員教授は、実務面の課題を指摘する。発災直後は緊急物資の確保や輸送を進めたが、当初予算には関連経費が計上されておらず、「法律を超える決断だった」と振り返る。予算は後に予備費などでまかなわれた。

今後、想定外の大規模災害が起き、予備費だけでは対応できずに補正予算の成立を待つ必要が生じれば、迅速な初動対応ができない可能性があると懸念する。一方、権限を強化する場合は期間の限定や国会での事後承認などの歯止めも必要だと指摘。「国民の安全と権利をどこで調和させられるかが問題だ」と語った。

Open Questions

  • 緊急事態条項の具体的な発動要件は何か
  • 権力乱用を防ぐための具体的な歯止めは何か

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