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Back米同時テロから25年、監視体制の定着と批判の継続
米同時テロから25年、監視体制の定着と批判の継続
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時事通信7 hours agoPolitics3 min readJapanView translation

米同時テロから25年、監視体制の定着と批判の継続

Quick Look

米同時テロから25年を迎え、テロ直後から導入された治安対策と監視制度が「新たな日常」として定着した一方で、プライバシー侵害やテロ阻止効果への疑問が残っている。FI SA 702条の失効や国土安全保障省の設置など、制度の変遷と批判が指摘されている。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

2001年9月11日の米同時テロから25年が経過し、米政府はテロ直後から治安対策と監視制度の強化を進めてきた。FI SA 702条や国土安全保障省の設置などが代表的な措置である。

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【ワシントン時事】米社会は11日、約3000人の死者を出した2001年の米同時テロから25年の節目を迎える。米政府はテロ直後、新たな攻撃阻止を目指し治安対策と関連組織の大幅な強化にかじを切り、当時導入された制度は25年を経て「新たな日常」として定着した。一方で、とりわけ電子情報の収集活動を巡り「監視国家」を生み出したという批判は絶えない。

米同時テロ主犯格の供述、証拠採用せず 拷問の影響考慮―軍事法廷

◇新設された巨大組織

「歴代政権下であまりに多くの国民の権利侵害が起きてきた」。野党民主党のワイデン上院議員は今年6月11日、令状なしで外国人の通信情報を収集できる外国情報監視法(FISA)702条の効力延長を巡る審議で、情報当局の活動に疑義を呈した。

702条は、同時テロ以降に国家安全保障局(NSA)が極秘に行っていたインターネット上の外国人の監視活動を08年のFISA改正で法制化した条項で、一定の期間ごとに議会が延長の是非を判断してきた。標的の外国人と電子メールなどで連絡を取った市民の個人情報まで当局が収集できることから、プライバシー保護の観点から問題視されてきた経緯がある。

702条は結局、6月12日に失効した。ただ、失効は監視制度の「改革」に関する対立などが原因で、議員の間では、延長の必要性自体には幅広い支持があった。同時テロ後に構築された捜査・監視体制の骨格も依然、維持されている。

テロを受けた目に見える形の変化の代表例が、22の政府機関を統合・再編して03年に発足した国土安全保障省だ。同省は、不法移民取り締まりに当たる移民税関捜査局(ICE)、運輸保安局(TSA)などを傘下に収める。民間任せだった空港での保安検査を統括するTSAは、テロ後に新設された6万人規模の巨大組織だ。

◇「テロ阻止の実績乏しい」

米社会では、空港での入念な検査、金融機関での厳格な身元確認などが当たり前となり、昨年には、航空機搭乗時に一定の安全基準を満たす身分証明書の携帯を原則として求める制度の運用も始まった。ネット上の情報監視は日常に溶け込み、「9・11」以前を知らない若い世代ほど、過去25年間に政府の監視が増えたと認識する割合が低いとの調査結果もある。

ただ、政府の講じた一連の措置が、テロの阻止という目的にかなっているかどうかについては、論争が続いている。同時テロの発生を許した大きな要因の一つは、実行グループの断片情報を事前に得ていたにもかかわらず、当局間の連携に不備があったことだとされるためだ。

シンクタンク、ケイトー研究所のパトリック・エディントン上級研究員は、同時テロ後に「米国史上、最も規模が大きく私生活に踏み込む監視体制」が現れたと指摘し、「テロリストがこの国に入るのを防ぐ上で効果的だったと確かな形で証明されたことは一度もない」と批判。同時に「多くの人が変化を受け入れ、順応してきた」と述べ、監視網の肥大化を改めて警戒すべきだと主張した。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • FI SA 702条の代替立法または改正案が議会で再提出される

    Likely · Within months

  • 監視制度の透明性と市民監督を求める動きが強まる

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 現在の監視制度が実際にテロを何件防止したのか
  • プライバシー保護と国家安全のバランスをどう取るべきか
  • 監視制度の改革に向けた具体的な議会の動向は

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This article was originally published by 時事通信.

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