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Back解開「同手性」百年謎團 法、日學者獲諾貝爾化學獎
解開「同手性」百年謎團 法、日學者獲諾貝爾化學獎
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自由时报1 hour agoScience2 min readChinaView translation

解開「同手性」百年謎團 法、日學者獲諾貝爾化學獎

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瑞典皇家科學院宣布,法國科學家凱根與日本科學家硤合憲三因發現有機不對稱合成中的非線性效應與自催化反應,共同獲得2026年諾貝爾化學獎。兩人解開了化學界百年難題——同掌性如何自發產生,對現代製藥具有決定性意義。凱根為巴黎薩克雷大學名譽教授,硤合為東京理科大學名譽教授,兩人將平分1200萬瑞典克朗獎金。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

同掌性指的是分子在自然界中只存在一種鏡像形式,如人體蛋白質僅含左手形式。科學家長期無法在試管中只產生單一鏡像,總得到等比例混合物,這是化學界百年難題。

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瑞典皇家科學院七日宣布,高齡九十六歲的法國科學家凱根(Henri B. Kagan)與七十七歲的日本科學家硤合憲三(Kenso Soai),以發現有機不對稱合成中的非線性效應與自催化反應,共同獲得二〇二六年諾貝爾化學獎。兩人解開了如何只形成單一分子鏡像形式的化學界百年難題,對於現代製藥工程具有決定性的重大意義。

凱根目前為法國巴黎薩克雷大學(Universite Paris-Saclay)名譽教授,硤合憲三是日本東京理科大學(Tokyo University of Science)名譽教授,兩人將平分一二〇〇萬瑞典克朗(約新台幣三八一〇萬元)獎金。

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諾貝爾官網新聞稿指出,胺基酸等許多分子會以兩種外觀類似、互為鏡像的形式存在,宛如人類的左手與右手。這種生命的化學現象被科學界稱為「同掌性」(homochiral,或稱同手性)。令人費解的是,儘管分子有兩種鏡像,但人體細胞的蛋白質中只有其中一種,另一種在自然界中極為罕見,這種化學上的不對稱如何產生,一直是化學界謎團。

過去,科學家嘗試在試管中製造這些分子時,總是會得到比例相等的兩種鏡像混合物。科學院將難題比喻為打造鑰匙:鎖匠每次都會打造出正反兩種變體,但只有其中一把能開鎖,若用錯鑰匙甚至會把鎖弄壞。

諾貝爾化學獎委員會主席林克(Heiner Linke)表示,凱根與硤合為一個長達一世紀以上的化學謎題提供解答,那就是同掌性是如何自發產生。

凱根在一九八六年發現一種操控化學反應的新方法(非線性效應),使其製造出其中一種鏡像比例,遠遠超越先前科學界認為可能達到的極限。

硤合則踏出將夢想化為現實的下一步。一九九五年,他提出一篇關鍵論文,設計出史上第一個有可能達成同掌性的化學反應。二〇〇三年,硤合成功提出一種只會形成單一鏡像形式的反應(自催化反應),被學界稱為「硤合反應」(Soai reaction)。除了大自然生命本身之外,過去從未有人做到過這件事。

96歲凱根遲來的榮耀

硤合透過電話向委員會與現場記者表示,「這當然是我一生中最令人興奮的日子之一」。至於凱根,今年的諾貝爾化學獎堪稱遲來的榮耀。二〇〇一年的化學獎頒給在「不對稱催化」領域有開創性研究的三名學者,但國際公認該技術「奠基之父」的凱根卻成遺珠,曾引發法國化學界抗議與爭議。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 此項技術將在未來數年內被應用於新藥合成過程,提高特效藥的生產效率。

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 此發現將如何具體應用於新藥開發流程?
  • 是否會促使製藥業改進現有合成路線?

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