
德媒评论分析北京在关键技术领域的出口管制及其对欧贸易政策的影响
德媒评论指出,中国在欧盟电动车协议后出台关键技术出口限制,反映了习近平追求技术自主的战略。评论认为欧洲贸易壁垒无法解决技术竞争力不足的根本问题,并警告北京正试图通过供应链依赖将欧洲降格为乞求者。
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欧盟与中国近期就电动车出口限制达成协议,随后中国宣布对人工智能、生物科技及太阳能产品实施出口管制。
(德国之声中文网)《法兰克福汇报》评论写道,欧盟同中国就限制中国电动车出口数量所达成的协议墨迹未干,北京就推出了新的技术出口限制清单:人工智能、生物科技以及太阳能产品等领域的出口,今后要么全盘禁止,要么需接受严格审查。这篇题为《技术自主》的评论写道:
“北京这一步骤凸显了世界观的不同。在习近平看来,实现技术自主才是重中之重,其背后原因则是19世纪错过工业革命而给中国留下的的历史创伤。在过去的一百多年里,中国一直处于技术落后的地位。
中国从中汲取的历史教训也很简单:要想保持独立和强大,就必须掌握技术。也正因为如此,中国更为偏重理工科教育,每年都会培养出数以百万计的工程师,各级学校里对人工智能的重视程度也远远超过欧洲。中国每年对工业领域的投资之多,更是令人震惊。这样的产业政策也造成了中国经济结构的严重失衡,对于大多数老百姓来说,这更是一场旷日持久的经济危机。”
《法兰克福汇报》的评论指出,中国的产业政策虽然造成了严重的产能过剩,但也暴露了欧洲对华政策的无奈:贸易壁垒或许能暂时保护本土经济,但却无法改变同中国竞争中的被动局面:
“对中国产品征收关税或设置出口上限,或能保障欧洲企业的市场份额,但却无法提升欧洲的技术竞争力,更无法改善欧洲汽车在第三方市场的被动局面。欧洲对华贸易政策虽然能在个别领域产生效果,但它的着眼点却是错误的:它没有正面迎接竞争,而是在助长欧洲的僵化发展。这样的政策只能缓解症状,但却没有找到真正的病因。”
欧洲不应沦为任凭北京摆布的乞求者
《日报》评论指出,“说一套做一套”是中国政府的常态,而一旦涉及国家安全,这种“言行不一”就表现得尤为明显。中国党和国家领导人习近平刚刚在国际舞台上承诺,中国愿意以开明姿态促进技术领域的国际合作。但话音未落,中国就出台了一个长长的关键技术出口管制清单:
“欧洲应当对中国的言行不一高度警觉。过去几十年以来,北京一直都在敦促西方企业转让技术。而现如今,当中国在某些领域占据主导地位之后,却立即开始了系统性的封锁政策。在‘去风险’的问题上,北京的做法也如出一辙:它一边谴责欧洲试图减少对华依赖的尝试,而与此同时,中国却在狂热地追求着这样的目标:不对任何国家产生依赖。
众所周知,在中南海看来,供应链和工业实力首先是政治施压武器。习近平过去几年所追寻的战略就是:本国经济尽可能自给自足,而整个世界则应高度依赖中国产品。
每当政治关系陷入紧张或贸易战一触即发的当口,北京就会不失时机地拿出手中的王牌。其中最著名的例子就是稀土。迄今为止,中国一直在稀土加工方面占据全球垄断地位。即便是在绿色技术领域,中国领导层也一直在为双边合作设定附加条件。
布鲁塞尔和柏林要对中国的所作所为有一个清醒的认识:北京希望将欧洲降格到乞求者的地位,届时欧洲只有满足了北京开出的条件,才会有资格同中国开展合作。”
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