
美國一名女子對康奈爾大學兄弟會成員提出性侵犯投訴,處理方式引發強烈反彈,凸顯美國多個州現行有關性侵與飲酒法律所存在的問題。
康奈爾大學一名女學生指控遭兄弟會成員下藥及強姦,因自願飲酒引發美國關於「同意法」與「自願醉酒漏洞」的法律爭議,促使紐約州長與議員推動修法。
AI-generated summary
美國女子指控2024年在紐約州康奈爾大學遭兄弟會成員下藥及強姦,引發對自願飲酒下性同意認定標準的法律爭議。
美國一名女子對康奈爾大學(Cornell University;康乃爾大學)兄弟會(fraternity)成員提出性侵犯投訴,處理方式引發強烈反彈,凸顯了專家們認為美國多個州現行有關性侵與飲酒法律所存在的問題。
該女子在法律文件中以「Jane Doe」(女性無名氏)代稱,上月提出訴訟,指控自己於2024年在紐約州康奈爾大學遭數名男子下藥及強姦。
Doe表示,在據稱事發當晚較早時間,她曾飲酒,其後前往一間兄弟會會所。她指稱,多名男子施壓要她吸食氯胺酮(ketamine),並不斷讓她飲酒,之後更在群組訊息中宣傳與她進行一次「免費」性接觸。
她表示,在據稱事發期間自己處於醉酒狀態,無法作出有效同意。
根據現行紐約州法律,若一個人是自願飲酒或吸毒,而非在違反本人意願下陷入醉酒或藥物影響狀態,法律並不會自動認定其失去性行為同意能力。
美國媒體廣泛將此稱為「自願醉酒漏洞」(voluntary intoxication loophole)。
紐約州州長凱西·霍楚爾(Kathy Hochul)上週表示:「自願醉酒不構成性侵或輪姦的許可證。」她並表示,將與州議會合作堵塞這個「漏洞」。
但部分專家認為,外界對法律存在誤解,相關法例並不會阻止自願飲酒或吸毒的人提出性侵指控。不過,這些人需要證明自己當時已嚴重失去行為能力,以至無法作出身體上的同意,而這一門檻高於單純醉酒。
這種區分反映出美國社會持續存在的爭論,即一個人在飲酒後,應如何界定其同意能力。
前性犯罪檢察官丹·肖爾(Dan Schorr)向BBC表示,紐約州法律仍然保護那些自願飲酒或吸毒後遭受性侵的人。
「如果一個人因飲酒或吸毒而無法表達同意或拒絕同意,那麼任何與其發生的性行為都屬於非自願,無論其攝入酒精或毒品是自願還是非自願的,」肖爾說。肖爾現在亦協助大學審核性侵案件。
他表示:「我曾檢控許多針對自願醉酒人士實施性侵的人。」
他補充說:「我讓他們被定罪了。他們被判入獄。」
何謂「失去行為能力」(incapacitated)?
一些人認為,現行法律的問題在於,認定一個人因醉酒而無法同意性行為的法律門檻設得過高。
包括紐約州在內,至少19個州都採用較高標準,要求當事人的醉酒程度達到特定水平,才會被認定為失去行為能力、無法作出同意。
紐約州法律規定,若一個人「失去知覺,或因其他原因在生理上無法表達對某項行為的不願意」,則不能對性行為作出同意。
肖爾表示,這項規定同樣適用於因飲酒而嚴重喪失行為能力、無法作出同意的人。
但另一名接受BBC訪問的法律專家表示,這類情況可能難以證明。
曾任檢察官、處理過性販運案件的米切爾·埃普納(Mitchell Epner)表示,一些檢察官「可能不會提出起訴,或者被告可能獲判無罪,因為當事人是在醉酒狀態下『表示同意』,但並未完全失去行為能力」。
他表示,在其他法律門檻較低的州份,如果一個人已「受到影響」(impaired)或「嚴重受到影響」(significantly impaired),便不能作出有效同意;而醉到無法駕駛汽車,便可能被視為已達到這個程度。
大學校園對同意的標準則與刑事法律有所不同,康奈爾大學亦是如此。
該校採用「積極同意」(affirmative consent)標準,將其定義為「所有參與者在知情、自願及共同決定下進行性活動」。
康奈爾大學表示,沉默或缺乏反抗並不構成同意。
推動修法
埃普納支持修改紐約州法律的提議,以擴大認定一個人因醉酒而無法作出同意的適用範圍。紐約州參議院已多次通過相關法案,但州眾議會一直未將其提交表決。
該法案規定,如一個人因受到某種物質影響,以致「暫時無法判斷或控制」自己的行為,而另一方已知或理應知道該情況,則該人不能作出有效同意。
賓夕法尼亞州亦曾嘗試修改相關法律,希望讓醉酒受害者更容易證明自己遭受性侵。
「如果一個人醉到不能開車,那他也醉到不能做其他事情了——你可以自行填上任何動詞,」埃普納說。
選區涵蓋康奈爾大學的州議員莉亞·韋布(Lea Webb)向BBC電視新聞台表示,她與其他議員正推動相關立法,而法案已經歷多次修訂。
她表示,紐約州現行法律「將舉證責任放在受害者身上」。
另一方面,肖爾及一些刑事辯護律師批評有關修改紐約州性侵法律的建議。
紐約州刑事辯護律師協會(State Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers)在發給 BBC的聲明中表示,紐約州現行法律已經足夠,而且「在受害人屬自願醉酒的案件中,已有被告被裁定強姦罪成」。
該組織表示,使用「無法判斷或控制其行為」等措辭,「過於模糊,難以公平執行」,並指出法案沒有清楚說明何種程度的醉酒才構成無法進行性行為。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
紐約州議員將繼續推動修改性侵法律以堵塞自願醉酒漏洞
Likely · Within months

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