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Back令人窒息的有毒霧霾蔓延東南亞,誰之過?
令人窒息的有毒霧霾蔓延東南亞,誰之過?
Developing
BBC中文2 hours agoEnvironment3 min readChinaView translation

令人窒息的有毒霧霾蔓延東南亞,誰之過?

Quick Look

印尼正面臨十年來最嚴重的野火季節,有毒霧霾蔓延至新加坡和馬來西亞,空氣質素達危險水平。霧霾源於非法刀耕火種,部分與新加坡和馬來西亞企業關聯。印尼總統普拉博沃稱其為「生態恐怖主義」,並加強懲處,但跨境執法受阻,鄰國關係緊張。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

印尼每年旱季會發生野火,但受厄爾尼諾影響,今年異常嚴重。刀耕火種雖屬非法,但執行困難。新加坡於2014年通過跨境煙霾污染法令,試圖對造成霧霾的企業提出法律責任,但印尼視此為干涉內政。

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印尼正面臨十年來最嚴重的野火季節,有毒霧霾正令地區內數以百萬計居民幾近窒息。

加里曼丹島(婆羅洲)和蘇門答臘島的天空已變成令人不安的琥珀色,空氣質素錄得危險水平。

這些煙霧——也就是霧霾——已飄越印尼國界進入鄰近國家,引發公共衛生憂慮。它遮蔽了新加坡的天際線,並迫使馬來西亞部分學校停課。

如今,人們對被指控焚燒農地的企業,以及一直未能有效制止這些行為的政府當局,憤怒情緒正不斷升高。

由於厄爾尼諾現象(El Niño;聖嬰現象)異常強烈,今年一年一度的旱季野火尤其猛烈。厄爾尼諾是一種改變全球天氣模式的自然氣候現象。

根據獨立森林監測平台「努山塔拉地圖集」(Nusantara Atlas)的資料,印尼已錄得1,043,377個野火熱點,共燒毀90萬公頃土地。

刀耕火種——禁之不絕的老習俗

印尼森林和泥炭地中的許多火災,是因為砍伐和焚燒植被以清理土地所致,這種做法被稱為「刀耕火種」(slash and burn;東南亞華語俗稱「燒芭」,中國大陸稱「燒秸稈」)。

這是一種農業耕作方式,印尼農民傳統上利用它為新作物創造富含養分的土壤。

但如今,許多這類火災與商業農業有關,而且規模遠大於以往,也更難控制。環保人士及政府調查屢次指控,一些企業利用焚燒作為廉價手段來清理大片土地。

雖然刀耕火種在印尼屬違法行為,但禁令的執行長期以來一直困難重重。

然而,今年持續不散的霧霾,促使印尼當局加強懲處違規者的力度。

印尼總統普拉博沃(Prabowo Subianto)呼籲對刀耕火種採取更嚴厲制裁,並形容這種做法是「生態恐怖主義」(ecological terrorism)。

上月,印尼當局宣布已暫停26家與野火有關聯企業的營運許可證,並對其他企業展開調查。官員誓言,涉及刑事成分的案件將被提交法院審理。

但捲入霧霾爭議的並不只有印尼企業。

綠色和平(Greenpeace)本月發表的一份報告指出,總部設於新加坡及馬來西亞的一些企業,與印尼境內發生野火的土地存在關聯。

其中包括總部設於新加坡的棕櫚油公司益資源(First Resources)。根據綠色和平的資料,8月至9月期間,該公司兩家印尼子公司管理的土地上錄得超過30個霧霾源頭點。

益資源在發予BBC的聲明中稱,公司在所有種植活動中維持「嚴格的零焚燒政策,並在整個營運過程中實施強有力的防火、監測及滅火措施」。

綠色和平亦點名馬來西亞種植業企業吉隆坡甲洞集團(Kuala Lumpur Kepong)。其子公司 PT Menteng Jaya Sawit Perdana(PT MJSP)管理的印尼土地上錄得19個霧霾源頭點。

吉隆坡甲洞在聲明中表示,「大部分」火災源自其特許經營區以外地區,且所有火勢均已撲滅。

該公司表示:「我們不容許,也不允許在業務營運中使用露天焚燒方式來整備土地或作任何其他用途。」

「沒有煙霧時,我們送出氧氣」

各國政府能否有效制裁違規企業,仍有待觀察。

2014年,新加坡通過《跨境煙霾污染法令》(Transboundary Haze Pollution Act),容許政府對被發現造成霧霾問題的本地及外國企業採取行動。

翌年,新加坡遭遇嚴重霧霾,當局向數家被懷疑透過焚燒方式清理土地的印尼企業發出傳票,試圖依據新法提出檢控。

但此舉激起雅加達方面強烈不滿,印尼表示這個做法損害雙邊關係。由於印尼拒絕合作,新加坡當局稱無法取得有關涉事企業的資料。

同樣在2015年,印尼時任副總統尤索卡拉(Jusuf Kalla)表示:「11個月來,他們享受來自印尼的優質空氣,卻從未感謝我們⋯⋯如今只因一個月的霧霾就感到不滿。」

這番言論激怒了不少新加坡人。

類似緊張局勢在上周末再次浮現。印尼政府傳播局局長夏甘達(Syahganda Nainggolan)表示,猛烈野火已超出人力控制範圍,並補充說鄰國新加坡與馬來西亞的氧氣「也是來自我們的森林」。

他在一段於社交媒體廣泛流傳的影片中進一步表示:「沒有煙霧時,我們送出氧氣。」這番言論引發馬來西亞及新加坡民眾批評和嘲諷。

不過,印尼過去亦曾就霧霾問題向鄰國道歉。

今年,印尼官員感謝新加坡和馬來西亞主動提出協助應對野火,儘管雅加達尚未正式要求國際支援。

在印尼,公民社會團體一直試圖促使政府採取行動。

在西加里曼丹省坤甸市(Pontianak, West Kalimantan),多個團體已向印尼政府及普拉博沃提出集體訴訟,指控他們對反覆出現的有毒霧霾存在「重大疏忽」。

許多人別無選擇,只能每天冒著有毒霧霾外出生活。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 印尼將對涉嫌野火的企業提出刑事檢控,並提交法院審理。

    Likely · Within months

  • 新加坡與馬來西亞將加強對企業的供應鏈審查,以防止其關聯土地發生野火。

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 印尼當局是否能有效執行對違規企業的制裁?
  • 新加坡和馬來西亞是否會再次依據國內法對外國企業提出檢控?
  • 受影響地區的居民健康影響將如何被評估與補償?
  • 印尼是否會正式請求國際協助撲滅野火?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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