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Back甘肃史前人群基因组研究揭示农业传播不伴大规模西方人群迁入
甘肃史前人群基因组研究揭示农业传播不伴大规模西方人群迁入
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中国新闻网6 hours agoScience3 min readChina

甘肃史前人群基因组研究揭示农业传播不伴大规模西方人群迁入

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中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所团队历时12年,分析甘肃11个遗址149例约4700-3000年前的古人类基因组,发现尽管西亚农业技术传入甘肃,但未见大规模西方人群遗传成分,当地人群仍为东亚北方成分混合,且磨沟遗址呈广泛血缘联系但内部婚配受限,社会结构复杂且非单纯以血缘为纽带。

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Why It Matters

甘肃地区位于中国黄土高原、青藏高原、蒙古高原三大地理单元交汇地带,历来被视为亚欧史前交流的重要枢纽,尤其在农牧业传播过程中具有关键作用。长期以来,学界关注外来农业技术传入是否伴随人群大规模迁移。

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中新网北京9月3日电 (记者 孙自法)甘肃地区位于中国黄土高原、青藏高原、蒙古高原三大地理单元交汇地带,在亚欧史前交流特别是农牧业交流进程中扮演了重要的枢纽角色。

在此背景下,来自西亚的大麦、小麦以及牛、羊等家畜的出现,究竟仅是文化技术传播的结果,还是伴随着人群扩散?跨区域文化技术交流下,甘肃史前人群的社会组织结构如何?长期以来广受关注。

颠覆传统认知

中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所付巧妹团队联合中外合作者,历时12年获得来自甘肃地区11个遗址、149例距今约4700年-3000年的古人类基因组,通过古基因组技术最新揭示“史前亚欧交流背景下磨沟及其他甘肃遗址的遗传历史与社会结构”。

本项研究甘肃样本的遗传成分模拟以及跨遗址间同源片段联系。中国科学院古脊椎所 供图

研究团队基于前沿古基因组学方法,深度交叉考古学、人类学等多学科研究,首次揭示甘肃地区区别于欧洲、中亚等地农业扩散带来大量外来农耕人群混入的情形,即外来麦作农业传入当地并未出现外来西方人群的大量迁入,当地古人群仍为东亚不同北方成分不同程度的混合。

该研究还在全球首次发现一种区别于以往欧洲和东亚发现的社会结构:95例甘肃磨沟遗址(距今约3600年-3200年)古人类基因组样本中,个体之间存在着广泛的血缘联系,但内部婚配情况有限,无明确性别偏向,同时血缘纽带以及埋葬时间不作为共同埋葬的关键因素。

这一东亚地区古代人群重要研究成果论文,北京时间9月3日夜间在国际学术期刊《细胞》(Cell)上线发表,为理解古代中国地区的人群迁徙扩散、社会组织模式等的复杂性与多样性提供了关键信息。

存在显著区别

研究团队介绍,在距今约5000年-4000年的史前时期,大麦、小麦、粟黍以及牛、羊等关键驯化动植物在亚欧大陆东西向的双向流动中,构建起早期跨大陆农牧业交流体系。这一时期跨越新石器时代晚期至铜石并用时代,也是中国史前社会的关键转型期。

在4700年-3000年间,本项研究所有甘肃样本及同时期周边样本,虽然大部分遗址已广泛接受麦作农业、牛羊或青铜器,但是多种遗传分析方法均未发现样本存在任何来自西方人群的遗传成分。

本项研究甘肃磨沟墓地样本紧密联结的遗传关系网络。中国科学院古脊椎所 供图

这一关键发现表明,麦作农业和技术等自新月沃地传入甘肃地区,可能并不直接伴随着来自西方的、大规模的人群流入。这与新月沃地的农业和青铜器伴随着大量农业人群扩张传入欧洲和中亚的驱动模式存在显著区别。

约4700年-3000年前的甘肃人群,主要携带古代东亚北方人群相关的遗传特征,包含古代黄河流域人群、蒙古高原东南缘裕民文化相关人群,以及青藏高原东北缘人群相关的遗传成分,其中个别个体也存在少量新石器时代贝加尔湖流域相关人群的遗传成分。

结合考古研究提出的农业扩散路线,本项研究推测新月沃地驯化动植物等传入甘肃地区,有可能经内亚山地走廊等路线通过文化扩散,也有可能通过草原通道经相关中间人群传入。

甘肃磨沟遗址发掘1700多座墓葬,是中国迄今发掘规模最大的史前墓地之一。经历数百年,在长期使用和文化演替下,磨沟墓地主体人群呈现出相对稳定的遗传特征以及内部广泛的遗传联系,也形成了相对特殊且复杂的婚配、居住以及埋葬模式,区别于以往国内史前遗址男性或女性单一主导或家族合葬的社会模式,其男女社会地位较为一致,且埋葬习俗不仅仅依靠血缘关系或埋葬时间。

多元因素塑造

研究团队称,本项研究交叉整合古基因组学、考古学、人类学等学科,在早期跨亚欧大陆农牧业交流体系的整体框架下,进一步深化东亚史前人群动态演化与社会结构的认知,重塑早期农业全球化传播与人群迁移扩散的关系,凸显早期中华文明在农业起源路径、人群迁徙模式及社会演进上的复杂性与独特性,为物质文化传播独立于大规模人群直接迁徙提供重要东亚范例。

本项研究成果相关示意图。中国科学院古脊椎所 供图

研究发现,史前甘肃人群在积极接受和学习西亚与新月沃地驯化动植物、文化和技术的同时,保持着东亚人群本身的遗传面貌,与周边黄河流域、青藏高原、蒙古高原东南缘等地保持密切联系,也为中华文明本土连续演化以及多元文化互动等提供了进一步的遗传证据。

同时,依托古基因组前沿技术,该研究为史前社会亲缘关系、婚配制度、居住模式、墓葬制度、社会等级等方面的研究搭建起多维证据链,暗示史前社会组织结构可能由多元因素共同塑造,而非单纯依托血缘关系,从而为后续社会复杂化研究提供新的分析视角。(完)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未来将有更多跨学科研究聚焦甘肃及周边地区的古基因组,以验证农业传播的文化扩散假设

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 西亚农业传入甘肃的确切路径和时间节点是什么?
  • 磨沟遗址广泛血缘联系但受限婚配的社会机制如何维持?
  • 这种非血缘主导的社会结构在其他地区是否存在类似模式?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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