
沙烏地阿美執行長警告,全球石油庫存因荷姆茲海峽運輸受阻而大幅下降,即使海峽恢復通行,補回安全庫存水準仍可能需時兩年,市場對供應安全高度敏感,油價持續高位運行。
AI-generated summary
荷姆茲海峽是全球關鍵石油運輸通道,日均運送約兩千萬桶原油。近期地緣政治緊張導致該海峽運輸受阻,全球動用戰略與商業庫存彌補供應缺口,庫存水準顯著下降。
〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕全球石油供應正面臨一場不只關乎「每天還能生產多少油」,而是安全庫存究竟還剩多少的考驗。沙烏地阿美執行長Amin Nasser警告,歷經數月中東戰事後,全球石油庫存緩衝已變得「少得可怕」,即使荷姆茲海峽恢復正常通行,在持續滿足全球需求的同時,要把「庫存補回正常水準」,仍可能需要長達2年。《路透》引述馬來西亞國家石油公司首席執行官 Tengku Muhammad Taufik 表示,今年年底的大部分時間,甚至可能到2027年,石油市場都會一片混亂。
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Nasser在倫敦能源情報論壇表示,全球在這場危機爆發前,合計擁有接近100億桶石油庫存;戰事以來,因荷姆茲海峽運輸受阻,近30億桶原油與石油產品供應消失,約相當於同期正常應經由該海峽運送數量的一半。
為填補供應缺口,全球已動用超過10億桶庫存,其中大部分來自陸上商業庫存。Nasser指出,目前全球商業石油庫存估計已不足60億桶,而且其中絕大多數因地點、物流及營運需求等因素,實際上並不能隨時調度。他形容,商業庫存已成為能源供應「工具箱裡最後一項重要工具」,如今這層緩衝也正在快速變薄。
即使中東出口已逐步恢復,市場壓力仍未完全解除。《金融時報》引述數據指出,海灣國家9月石油出口已回升至每日約1550萬桶,為戰爭爆發以來最高,恢復至戰前水準的八成以上。沙烏地阿拉伯、阿聯酋等產油國透過替代管線、港口以及海上轉運,設法繞過荷姆茲海峽部分風險。
然而,出口增加並未立即讓油市恢復正常。FRED引用美國能源資訊署數據顯示,布蘭特現貨原油9月29日仍報每桶113.96美元,9月28日一度達119.97美元,反映市場對供應安全與庫存水準仍高度敏感。
Nasser警告,即使荷姆茲海峽完全重新開放,市場也不能立刻回到戰前狀態。除了每日正常需求仍需要被滿足,各國與企業還必須重新填補此前大量消耗的戰略與商業庫存,因此補庫本身可能形成額外需求,使市場緊張狀況延續更久。
面對這項風險,沙烏地阿美正研究更多不依賴荷姆茲海峽的原油出口路線,也考慮增加海外儲油設施,以提高未來面對供應中斷時的韌性。沙烏地東西向管線在這次危機中尤其重要,使部分原油可以經由紅海方向出口,避免沙烏地出口完全依賴波斯灣航線。
另一方面,高油價也帶來另一種結果。布魯金斯學會資深研究員Robin Brooks估算,沙烏地阿拉伯戰前每日出口約700萬桶、布蘭特原油約60美元時,年化石油出口收入約1500億美元;目前即使出口量僅約每日550萬桶,在油價約105美元情況下,年化收入仍可能升至約2100億美元,比戰前增加約600億美元。
Brooks因此認為,油價上漲已足以抵消出口量下降,這筆增加的收入約相當於沙烏地GDP的6%。不過,這是他依據油價與出口量所作的估算,而非沙烏地政府公布的實際收入數字。
對全球油市而言,眼前最大的問題已不只是荷姆茲海峽何時恢復正常,而是過去數月被大量消耗的石油庫存要多久才能補回來。即使供應逐步恢復,只要全球安全庫存仍處於低檔,任何新的運輸或生產中斷,都可能再次放大價格波動。
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AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
全球石油庫存將在未來兩年內逐步補回至安全水準
Likely · Within years
布蘭特原油價格將在中長期維持在每桶100美元以上
Possible · Within months

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