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Back氣象衛星微波影像助看透颱風雲層 定位環流中心
氣象衛星微波影像助看透颱風雲層 定位環流中心
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自由时报14 minutes agoTech2 min readChina

氣象衛星微波影像助看透颱風雲層 定位環流中心

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中央氣象署科技發展組科長劉豫臻說明,微波衛星影像可穿透厚雲層觀測颱風環流中心、對流雲雨帶及眼牆結構,彌補可見光與紅外線雲圖在颱風中心辨識上的不足,但資料更新頻率受限於繞極衛星。

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Why It Matters

氣象衛星以可見光、紅外線及微波等不同頻段觀測雲層與天氣系統,其中微波能穿透厚雲協助定位颱風中心,但受衛星軌道限制更新頻率較低。

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颱風被厚厚雲層包住,眼睛看不到裡面發生什麼事,氣象衛星卻有辦法「看透」!中央氣象署科技發展組科長劉豫臻指出,微波影像可從某種意義上「看透」雲層,當紅外線雲圖看起來一整團、難以辨識颱風中心時,微波資料可協助找出環流中心,也能觀察對流雲雨帶及眼牆結構變化。

氣象署開辦氣象實務研習班,劉豫臻說明「氣象衛星觀測原理與應用」。他表示,現在模式預報愈來愈進步,尤其AI預報相當準確,但衛星仍有難以取代的重要功能,就是「看颱風」。颱風還在海上時,地面觀測不容易掌握真正中心,模式雖能預報颱風,卻不代表知道颱風當下真正的中心在哪裡,此時衛星資料就相當重要。

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劉豫臻說明,衛星雲圖不只一種,可見光主要看物體反射太陽光的特性,可辨識雲的形狀、結構及厚度,但只能在白天使用;紅外線則偵測溫度,通常雲頂愈高、溫度愈低,在影像上看起來愈白,而且不受日照影響,可以24小時觀測。兩者搭配判讀,可更精確掌握不同雲系及伴隨的天氣。

如果要進一步「看進」颱風裡,就輪到微波上場。劉豫臻指出,36至37GHz對雨滴顆粒敏感,可檢測低空雲、雨滴分布和環流;85至91GHz則對冰顆粒敏感,可檢測深對流雲結構。當颱風雲層混成一團、難以確定中心時,微波影像可協助定位。不過這類微波資料來自繞極衛星,一天可能只有1至2張,無法像同步衛星一樣密集觀測。

劉豫臻表示,衛星的優勢是「看得廣」,但遙測並非直接現地量測,因此仍有誤差。例如衛星可大範圍觀測海面溫度,但必須利用浮標實際量測資料進行換算;颱風強度也可透過衛星雲圖及雲系形狀等特徵估算,但並非直接量到颱風強度。

衛星還有「水氣頻道」,可觀察中高層乾濕區、水氣傳送及槽線、脊線等大尺度系統,並與模式資料疊加,協助預報員掌握副熱帶高壓等天氣系統的位置及颱風可能的移動。

劉豫臻也提醒,衛星雲圖是「觀測」,不是「預報」,實際取得雲圖時,看到的通常已是約20分鐘前的情況,未來天氣仍須以模式預報為主。

Open Questions

  • 微波衛星資料在災害預警中的實際應用效率如何?
  • 是否有計畫提升微波衛星觀測頻率?

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This article was originally published by 自由时报.

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