文章通过月饼的历史演变与地域变化,阐述其作为中华民族交融的象征,指出月饼从丝绸之路到明清时期的发展,融合了各民族食材与技艺,最终成为中秋团圆的文化符号,体现中华民族共同体意识。
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月饼作为中秋节的传统食品,其历史可追溯至两千多年前,与丝绸之路的开通、民族交流密切相关,经过各民族共同发展,最终成为象征团圆的文化符号。
岁岁逢中秋,月饼年年吃。
很长一段时间,我都觉得月饼就是个普通的节日食品。甜的、咸的、豆沙馅的、五仁馅的,花样再多,品种再丰富,也不过是中秋的仪式感。
今年临近中秋,逛超市时,我看着货架上琳琅满目的月饼,忽然心生感慨。月饼看似只是简单的节令点心,却跨越山河江湖、融合八方风味,又传递出中秋团圆的寓意。
后来翻资料才知道,月饼从诞生、演变,到如今各具特色的样貌,从头到尾,都是各民族一起参与、一起创造、一起传承的结果,是整个中华民族共同“烹饪”出来的文化味道。
直到这一刻,才突然反应过来:我真的小看月饼了。
一致性和多样性、多元一体、中华民族共同体意识,不用背大道理,一块月饼就讲得明明白白。
月饼的“身世”,得从两千多年前说起。丝绸之路打通了文明互通的通道,开启了食材与技艺的“双向奔赴”。
西晋张华《博物志》记载“张骞使西域还,乃得胡桃种。”随着中原与西域交往日益密切,胡桃等物产进入中原,也逐渐成为中原面点中的常见食材。
《续汉书》记载“灵帝好胡饼,京师皆食胡饼”。有人认为,这种撒满芝麻的圆形面饼,便是后世月饼的雏形。当时的长安,边疆商人与中原百姓“比邻而居”,“殊方异物,四面而至”,边疆的物产与中原的手艺互相滋养,为月饼埋下了交融的种子。
时至唐代,文明交融抵达新的高度。新疆吐鲁番阿斯塔那古墓出土的宝相花纹月饼式糕点,是目前国内发现的唯一唐代月饼式糕点实物。这件唐代文物制作精美、形制规整,是新疆地区和中原地区饮食文化交流互鉴方面的历史写照。所以月饼从诞生之初,就不是“单一血统”,早就是你中有我、我中有你。
宋代,各民族交往愈发频繁,茶马互市联通南北。中原赏月的风俗逐步传入边疆,边塞独特的奶制工艺反哺中原糕点技艺。各族百姓共赏一轮明月、共盼一世团圆。月饼也进入了诗词和典籍之中。
苏轼“小饼如嚼月,中有酥与饴”的诗句,描摹出当时酥饼的精致风味。南宋《梦粱录》中已见“月饼”之名,作为点心在街市售卖。
明代,月饼与中秋团圆寓意完成了一场深度的“绑定”。
田汝成所著的《西湖游览志余》记载:“八月十五日谓之中秋,民间以月饼相遗,取团圆之义”;刘侗、于奕正合著的《帝京景物略》亦载“八月十五祭月,其祭果饼必圆”。可以看出,当时的人们互赠月饼,祭祀月亮,祝福阖家团圆。中秋月饼成为一种独特的文化符号。
清朝大一统疆域格局稳固,各民族交往更加深入。各民族立足自身物产和习俗,对它进行改造,保留“月圆团圆”的寓意,又孕育出各具特色的品类。
据《清宫膳食档案》记载,清代宫廷承袭中原祭月食饼的习俗,又融入满族饮食传统,创造出奶酥油月饼,以奶油、奶酥入馅。档案还记录,乾隆皇帝赴木兰围场打猎,宫中专门递送奶酥油枣馅月饼供途中食用。
走到今天,月饼早已不是一种模样。它在不同地域落地生根,长出了各自的滋味。
西南云贵大地,山水灵秀、物产丰饶。据《昆明城脉》记录,昆明合香楼糕点铺的经营者把京式面点技艺带入云南,结合本地宣威火腿,改良制作出闻名遐迩的云腿月饼。彝族、白族、苗族等各族群众依托本土鲜花、果蔬物产,创新出鲜花月饼等特色品类,咸香醇厚与清甜淡雅完美交融。
说到交融,广袤的西北丝绸之路上,交融的烟火生生不息。河西走廊各族百姓创造出精美的凉州大月饼;新疆各族群众融合本地巴旦木、葡萄干、玫瑰酱等特色物产,打造独具特色的各类月饼。中秋团圆之意在西北沃土代代传承。
白山黑水的东北林海雪原间,民俗与物产共生共融。东北各族群众结合本地松子、山果、红豆等物产,打磨出口味厚重、香气浓郁的特色月饼。中秋赏月、食饼团圆的习俗,扎根北疆大地,成为各族群众共有的节日温情。
地处南北枢纽的安徽等地,承南北文脉、汇八方技艺。徽州糕饼匠人博采南北面点技艺,取用本地芝麻、桂花、蜜饯、果仁等物产,打磨出风味独特的徽式月饼,部分古法制作技艺列入地方非物质文化遗产。
天南地北,风味千差万别。有人偏爱甘甜,有人钟情咸香;有人乐享薄如蝉翼的酥脆,有人偏爱料厚馅足的充实。地域不同、物产不同、风俗不同、审美不同,真可谓百花齐放、各有特色。
但不管口味怎么变,有一点却始终没有变。神州大地,中华儿女仰望的是同一轮明月;岁岁中秋,万家灯火共度的是同一个佳节;跨越山海,各族群众坚守的是同一份团圆。
草原的奶、边疆的果、西南的花、中原的面,走了很远的路,最后都进了同一块月饼里。
有些人觉得“中华民族共同体意识”宏大抽象,离生活遥远。其实不用想那么复杂,中秋节的月饼,就是最通俗鲜活的答案。
一块月饼的演变史,就是一部看得见、尝得到、摸得着的中华民族交往交流交融史。
每一种独特风味,都是文化互鉴;每一次技艺融合,都是心灵相通;每一份团圆祝福,都是中华民族共同体意识的真实写照。
一块月饼,南北各有滋味。一个“圆”,却是大家共同的心愿。
作者:艾纾溪
(来源:“小圆规”微信公众号)

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