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Back"欧洲制造"政策让土耳其躺枪
"欧洲制造"政策让土耳其躺枪
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德国之声3 hours agoBusiness4 min readChinaView translation

"欧洲制造"政策让土耳其躺枪

欧盟拟通过“欧洲制造”补贴计划抵御中国竞争,但该政策将土耳其、摩洛哥等关键供应链伙伴排除在外,引发行业与外交争议。

Quick Look

欧盟《工业加速器法案》旨在补贴欧洲本土汽车生产,但将土耳其、摩洛哥等非欧盟盟友排除在外。此举引发土耳其汽车出口受阻担忧,同时欧洲车企与零部件供应商在保护主义政策上立场对立。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

欧盟提出的《工业加速器法案》旨在通过补贴政策保护欧洲本土汽车制造业,抵御中国竞争。该法案对“欧洲原产”资格设定了严格的零部件价值比例要求。

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欧盟3月提出的《工业加速器法案》(IAA)旨在帮助欧洲汽车业抵御中国的不公平贸易行为。法案力图推动欧洲汽车工厂升级,并只补贴在欧洲生产的汽车。

然而,这项"欧洲制造"计划引起了土耳其、摩洛哥、日本和韩国等盟友汽车生产国的深切担忧,这些国家都深度嵌入欧洲供应链。本月早些时候,德国和法国在僵持数月后达成关键妥协:英国、挪威等非欧盟成员国的供应商可获"欧洲原产"资格,但土耳其、摩洛哥等国仍被排除在外。

土耳其被拒门外:七成汽车出口面临壁垒

自1990年代中期起就能无障碍进入欧盟市场的土耳其,仍被排除在外。土耳其经济发展基金会(IKV)主席泽伊蒂诺卢(Ayhan Zeytinoglu)对德国之声表示,土耳其汽车出口的73%流向欧盟,"欧洲制造"壁垒将重创土耳其的对欧贸易和出口,也会损害欧洲汽车业本身。据土耳其汽车出口商协会(OIB)计算,去年土耳其对欧盟汽车出口额达301亿美元(268亿欧元)。

该法案要求,除电池外,汽车零部件总价值的70%须在欧洲生产。最初的提案只适用于纯电动、插电混动和燃料电池车型,去年这些车型仅占欧盟新车注册量的27%。法国国家科学研究中心(CNRS)高级研究员帕尔迪(Tommaso Pardi)认为,这一门槛相当宽松:一辆欧洲产电动车去掉电池后,约83%的零部件来自欧洲。

但按照修订后的德法方案,2035年后仍可销售的部分混动车和燃油车也将纳入规则,而这些车型的欧洲零部件比例要低得多。土耳其去年对欧盟出口的近80万辆汽车,大多会受到影响。

中国资本借道土耳其和摩洛哥

排除土耳其的另一个原因,是中国车企正在当地扩张,试图借道进入欧盟。斯威汽车在土耳其的工厂开工不到一年即关闭,原因是车辆不符合欧盟安全标准;比亚迪在马尼萨投资10亿美元建厂的计划也已搁置。据咨询公司艾睿铂(AlixPartners)统计,新冠疫情以来,摩洛哥已吸引超过100亿欧元的中国投资,主要投向电池和零部件。

摩洛哥是法国车企的低成本生产基地。如果它被排除,法国的平价车型很可能涨价。日本车企从本土进口的汽车将无缘欧盟补贴;韩国现代和起亚从亚洲运来的车型同样不符合条件,但韩企在波兰和匈牙利的电池工厂可算作欧洲产能。

车企与零部件供应商立场对立

帕尔迪指出,欧洲汽车巨头正游说弱化法案,以便继续从海外、尤其是从中国采购,保住高利润率。车企警告,零部件成本上升会削弱它们对中国对手的竞争力,欧洲电池供应短期内也难以满足需求。安卡拉正在游说布鲁塞尔,车企则寻求日后纳入土耳其的妥协方案,帕尔迪认为这可能仅限于当地的欧洲企业,排除中国资本。

欧洲汽车零部件供应商则呼吁强化法案,警告若缺乏保护,到2035年可能流失多达65万个岗位。欧洲汽车供应商协会(CLEPA)秘书长克里格(Benjamin Krieger)说:"我们必须止血。"他建议欧盟设立"选择加入"机制,以监管趋同、社会与环境标准、尊重法治和对等原则等客观标准为门槛,并辅以反规避措施。符合标准的伙伴国,包括土耳其、摩洛哥、日本和韩国,都可以加入。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 欧盟将进一步细化“欧洲原产”资格的豁免标准

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 土耳其是否能通过游说获得豁免权?
  • 法案最终修订版将如何处理中国资本在欧洲的投资?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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