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Back习近平“5年10万”之邀:是搭桥还是挖坑?
习近平“5年10万”之邀:是搭桥还是挖坑?
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德国之声1 hour agoWorld6 min readChinaView translation

习近平“5年10万”之邀:是搭桥还是挖坑?

习近平宣布未来五年邀请10万名美国青年赴华交流,引发美中教育交流失衡、政治意图与安全风险的广泛讨论。

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中国宣布未来五年邀请10万名美国青年赴华交流,旨在扩大青年交往。然而,此举引发美中留学严重失衡、政治灌输、人质风险及统战渠道等争议,专家对成效与安全保障看法不一。

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Why It Matters

习近平在访美期间宣布未来五年邀请10万名美国青年赴华学习,此前曾提出5万人倡议。美中两国的教育交流近年来因地缘政治和疫情严重失衡。

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(德国之声中文网)习近平上月对美国进行国事访问期间,于白宫宣布扩大中国的青年交流倡议:在未来五年内邀请10万名美国青年赴华学习和交流。“中美关系的希望在人民,未来在青年,”习近平说。据福克斯新闻报道,部分行程由中方全额资助,部分需参与者自费。

这一目标是习近平2023年11月在旧金山所提“5万人”倡议的两倍。中国官媒新华社称,5万人的目标已于今年提前完成。但据《福布斯》报道,这一统计涵盖从短期文化访问到教育项目的各类活动,参与者从小学生到大学生不等,不能与赴华修读学分的美国大学生人数相提并论。

中美留学交流严重失衡

美国国际教育协会的《门户开放报告》显示,2023至2024学年,仅有1749名美国学生在中国修读学分课程。这比上一学年的469人有所回升,但仍远低于2018至2019学年的11639人。

与此同时,2024至2025学年有265919名中国学生在美国高校就读。

据《海峡时报》报道,清华大学战略与安全研究中心高级研究员孙成昊认为,这种差距既有政治原因,也有结构性原因。新冠疫情打乱了各类项目,地缘政治紧张、安全顾虑和经费削减又进一步打消了美国学生的意愿。美中教育信托2026年的一份报告还发现,美国人“普遍认为”在华留学会影响日后获得政府安全审查许可。富布赖特、博伦奖学金、关键语言奖学金等美国政府资助项目,已相继暂停在中国大陆的活动。

支持者:美国急需新一代中国通

昆山杜克大学前常务副校长西蒙(Denis Simon)在《大学世界新闻》撰文,认为习近平这一提议符合美国利益。他写道,美国需要一代真正在当地生活过的中国观察家。这些学生中,有些人日后会成为科学家、外交官、记者、投资人和国会议员,而这正是华盛顿眼下欠缺的专业人才。

美国政治学者杜如松(Rush Doshi)与美中教育信托执行主任莱文(Rosie Levine)也在美国外交关系委员会网站上撰文指出,美国需要“深厚得多的中国专家储备”,呼吁恢复富布赖特等项目,同时要求两国在最高层面保证参与者不会受到中国安全部门的不当风险。

批评者:灌输、人质风险与统战渠道

反对的声音同样强烈。福克斯新闻报道,曼哈顿研究所研究员迪马蒂诺(Daniel Di Martino)认为,该计划“显然意在”向美国年轻人灌输思想。战略风险公司首席执行官石克(Isaac Stone Fish)则警告,一旦两国关系紧张,学生“实际上可能沦为人质”。

据Just the News报道,众议院美中战略竞争特别委员会主席穆勒纳尔(John Moolenaar)在致地方学区的信中指出,负责执行这类交流项目的中国国际教育交流协会与中共统战体系有关联,相关访问是宣传和影响力行动。

哈德逊研究所中国中心主任余茂春(Miles Yu)在播客中表示,他希望美国人去中国学中文、接触普通中国人,但问题在于北京允许他们看到“什么样的中国”。他斥北京所称的5万人已达标是“赤裸裸的谎言”,并以对等交流为标准发问:中国学生在哈佛可以自由批评美国总统,美国学生在清华能否公开组织反对中共统治的活动?

北京的意图与未解的安全问题

《海峡时报》援引南洋理工大学拉惹勒南国际研究院美国项目副研究员Kevin Chen的分析称,争取美国青年对北京是“唾手可得的果实”,北京很可能希望培养一代对中国观点更有同情心的美国人。不过他认为,学生亲自去中国、自己得出结论,总体上仍是利大于弊;如果改由美方出资,也可减少外界的疑虑。

2024年,艾奥瓦州马斯卡廷(Muscatine)高中20多名学生成为首批受邀访华的美国学生,行程由中国政府全额资助。几个月后,至少一名艾奥瓦州议员呼吁取消后续访问,理由是这类访问可能被用于政治宣传。

据《海峡时报》报道,习近平发出邀请时,并未公开保证参与者不会受到中国安全部门的不当风险,中美双方的会谈纪要也都没有提及针对美国学生的保障措施。孙成昊建议,各方应事先就学术期望、资料获取、数据保护和领事协助作出约定。

《福布斯》指出,2009年,奥巴马曾提出在四年内派遣10万名美国学生赴华的目标,次年由时任国务卿希拉里·克林顿在北京正式启动“十万强”计划。如今北京反过来发出邀请。该报道认为,衡量成败的关键或许不在于人数,而在于这些年轻人从中国带回了什么。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 美中教育交流计划将继续推进,但面临国会议员的监督与地方学区的审视。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 美中双方是否会针对美国学生出台安全保障措施?
  • 未来10万名赴华名额的具体资助方案如何落实?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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