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Back中國經濟又拉警報!外媒曝數據「消費信貸崩跌」 背後藏大危機
中國經濟又拉警報!外媒曝數據「消費信貸崩跌」 背後藏大危機
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

中國經濟又拉警報!外媒曝數據「消費信貸崩跌」 背後藏大危機

民眾消費縮手、借貸保守,加上銀行怕風險縮手放款,中國官方刺激內需政策恐踢鐵板。

Quick Look

中國9月消費者短期貸款年減8.3%,創有紀錄以來最大跌幅。房市低迷加上銀行擔憂信用風險收緊放款,即使官方推動降息補貼與整頓暴力催債新規,民眾不借、銀行不貸的困境恐使刺激內需政策面臨挑戰。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

中國家庭債務占GDP比率在2020年達到60%後維持平穩。財政部去年開始補貼銀行以降低消費貸款利率。

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外媒揭中國經濟的另一個警訊,消費信貸下降。

中國經濟再亮警訊!民眾不只消費縮手,連借錢都愈來愈保守,9月消費者短期貸款年減8.3%,創有紀錄以來最大跌幅。更棘手的是,銀行也怕錢借出去收不回來,寧可縮手不放款。中國政府原想靠降息救消費,如今又祭出新規整頓暴力催債,卻可能讓銀行追債更難、放款更保守。民眾不借、銀行不貸,官方刺激內需的政策恐怕再踢鐵板!

《經濟學人》報導,9月中國消費者短期貸款較去年同期減少8.3%,創下有紀錄以來最大跌幅;8月消費貸款餘額也降至新冠疫情期間以來的最低水準。10月初假期期間,民眾平均消費金額較2025年同期減少2%,反映消費復甦仍面臨壓力。

中國家庭減少借貸,部分原因在於房地產市場持續低迷。房屋銷售下滑,使房貸申請減少,不少有能力的購屋者也選擇提前償還貸款。中國家庭債務占GDP比率在2020年達到60%後,長期維持平穩,去年更略微下降。

不過,房市低迷並不足以解釋消費信貸的全面萎縮。為了刺激內需,中國財政部去年開始補貼銀行,鼓勵銀行降低消費貸款利率,協助民眾購買新車、翻修房屋等大額支出。但銀行對放款仍愈來愈謹慎。

顧問公司Gavekal估計,去年可能有超過10%的中國成年人存在未償還債務,高於前一年的不到8%,顯示借款人的信用風險正在升高。

在政府鼓勵銀行放款、利率卻持續走低的情況下,銀行為了控制風險,開始排除信用條件較差的借款人。此外,逾期消費貸款也愈來愈難轉手。銀行過去會將不良債權折價出售給投資人,由投資人接手追討欠款,但這類債權的平均成交價格已從2021年初、相當於面額的約30%,跌至2026年初的5%,顯示市場對追回欠款的前景愈來愈悲觀。

報導指出,債權價值下跌,可能與中國政府整頓催債業者有關。過去部分催收公司缺乏監管,經常採取被稱為「軟暴力」的手段,包括一天數百次打電話騷擾債務人及其親友、向雇主揭露欠債紀錄,甚至在半夜登門催收。

為遏止不當催收行為,中國今年進一步制定全國性規範,自8月起,催收人員每天致電債務人的次數不得超過6次,不得聯絡其家人與朋友,也禁止在半夜登門催收,所有與債務人的互動都必須留下紀錄。

這些措施有助於減少債務人遭受的騷擾,但也可能產生意料之外的後果。部分分析人士認為,催收限制可能降低追回逾期貸款的機會,讓不良債權更難出售,銀行因此更不願意承擔新的消費貸款風險。

對中國政府而言,如何在保護債務人與維持信貸市場運作之間取得平衡,將成為刺激消費的一大挑戰。當民眾借貸意願降低、銀行又收緊放款,即使政府透過補貼降低貸款利率,也未必能有效帶動消費。

Open Questions

  • 中國政府將如何平衡債務人保護與信貸市場運作?
  • 未來是否會有進一步的財政刺激政策出台?

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