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Back德国总理呼吁朝韩统一 首尔愿意吗?
德国总理呼吁朝韩统一 首尔愿意吗?
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德国之声2 hours agoWorld6 min readChinaView translation

德国总理呼吁朝韩统一 首尔愿意吗?

Quick Look

德国总理默茨访问朝韩非军事区,表达对半岛统一的祝愿。然而,分析人士指出,朝韩双方统一意愿淡薄,且面临巨大的经济差距、地缘政治博弈及朝鲜政权的敌对立场,统一前景渺茫。

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Why It Matters

德国在1990年实现和平统一,曾被视为朝鲜半岛统一的参考范例。然而,朝韩双方在政治制度和经济水平上的差距远超当年的东西德。

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(德国之声中文网)朝鲜和韩国两个拥有共同历史、语言以及大量文化遗产,却彼此对立的国家,这故事在德国人听来并不陌生。

德国自己也曾在对立政权下分裂数十年,直到地缘政治局势发生变化,东西德才得以在1990年和平统一。

仅仅两年后,时任德国总理科尔(Helmut Kohl)访问朝鲜半岛非军事区(DMZ),表达了希望朝韩也能在本世纪90年代末实现统一的愿望。

但这一愿望最终未能实现。德国实现统一约35年后,朝韩依然在政治制度、经济发展以及地缘政治阵营上严重对立。

周五,德国总理默茨站在俯瞰朝鲜半岛非军事区的地方,所表达的愿望与科尔1993年提出的几乎如出一辙。

默茨在社交媒体上写道:“我们德国人知道国家分裂有多痛苦。我们也知道,只要坚守自己的价值观,并拥有对话的勇气,就有可能推倒高墙。”

默茨还表示:“我们祝愿朝鲜半岛人民能够在自由中实现统一。”

在长期关注朝韩政治动态的分析人士看来,这听起来更像是一个遥不可及的梦想。

韩国年轻人:统一?何必费这个劲?

朝鲜和韩国继续隔着非军事区相互戒备,双方在财富水平和政治自由方面的巨大差异也一览无余。

但最大的问题或许在于:朝韩双方似乎都没有表现出实现统一的意愿。

庆熙大学外交政策教授朱宰佑(Choo Jae-woo)表示:“过去二十年来,人们的心态已经发生了变化。在韩国年轻人眼中,朝鲜不过是邻近的一个国家,既贫穷又充满威胁。他们对朝鲜并没有像老一辈人那样怀有某种情感上的羁绊。”

他补充道:“越来越多的人在问,为什么还要费心去考虑统一的问题?”

首尔大学和平与统一研究所今年9月公布的一项调查显示,39.1%的韩国受访者认为统一已不可能实现。这是该调查开展约二十年以来的最高比例。

许多人担心,为朝鲜建设基础设施将耗费巨额资金,包括修建道路、医院和学校,以及现代社会正常运转所需的各项配套。

从官方立场来看,韩国政府并未放弃将国家统一作为目标。韩国宪法仍然主张以自由和民主为基础实现和平统一。但朱宰佑指出,近几届韩国政府对这一理念的宣传力度已经远不如过去。

朝鲜明确释放反对统一的信号

相比之下,朝鲜在这个问题上的立场则明确得多。

朱宰佑说:“2023年12月,金正恩宣布将修宪,和平统一已不再可能。相反,朝鲜将韩国视为敌对国家,且金正恩已无意推动双方走向统一。”

朝鲜修订后的宪法于2026年3月通过。此后,金正恩政权更加激进,清除了宪法中所有关于和解及民族统一的表述。

首尔韩国外国语大学政治学与国际关系教授梅森·里奇(Mason Richey)表示:“我认为,朝鲜已经把话说得很明白了:它根本无意与韩国拉近关系。”

他补充说,每当朝鲜半岛统一问题再次被提起,韩国的分析人士、官员乃至普通民众都会开始“翻白眼”。

里奇指出,除了朝韩双方缺乏统一意愿之外,还有诸多其他挑战亟待克服。

朝鲜政权希望维护自身权力和威望。如果统一后的国家引入民主制度,朝鲜现政权的权力和地位必然受到威胁。

里奇表示,弥合朝韩之间巨大的经济发展差距将是一项艰巨工程,即使能够获得外部援助,也会给韩国带来巨大压力。

他指出,统一后的德国如今在大多数领域已经实现了东西部之间的平衡,但值得注意的是,1990年的东德发展水平仍远高于今天的朝鲜。

朝鲜半岛统一将给中美带来重大难题

根据韩国银行2024年的统计数据,朝鲜名义GDP每年为317亿美元,而韩国高达1.85万亿美元,是朝鲜的58倍。朝鲜人均GDP仅为1230美元,而韩国接近3.6万美元。

朱宰佑还指出,朝韩统一不仅是内部事务问题。两国在战略和安全领域分别依附于不同阵营:韩国与美国结盟,朝鲜则与中国保持紧密关系,并且越来越多地转向俄罗斯。

朱宰佑对德国之声表示:“这些大国不会愿意为了实现朝鲜半岛统一而放弃各自的盟友,因为统一对它们而言同样涉及重大的战略问题。美国不会希望出现一个倒向中国的统一朝鲜;如果统一意味着美国可能把军队部署到中国边境上、也就是今天的朝鲜境内,中国就会抵制统一。这是双方都无法想象的局面。”

他认为,归根结底,朝鲜半岛目前的现状或许并不完美,却是维持地区稳定的最佳方式。

不过,他补充说:“十年之后,经济、社会和安全局势可能会发生翻天覆地的变化。因此,我们永远不能把话说死。”

Open Questions

  • 未来朝鲜半岛局势是否会发生突发性变化?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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