今年以来橡胶价格持续上涨,截至10月8日上海期货交易所橡胶主力合约价格为每吨20145元,年内涨幅超28%。上游胶农因收购价上涨收入增加,外出打工者返乡割胶;中游贸易环节库存周期从半年压缩至三个月,库存下降;下游轮胎企业9月以来已有60余家发布70多份涨价函,调价幅度普遍在2%到5%,企业通过调整产能和期货套保应对原料成本上涨。
AI-generated summary
橡胶是重要工业原料,轮胎是其最大下游产品。近年来橡胶价格曾经历低价周期,今年以来受多种因素影响价格持续上涨。
今年以来,橡胶价格持续走高,截至10月8日收盘,上海期货交易所橡胶主力合约价格为每吨20145元,年内累计涨幅超28%,处于九年以来的高位。
轮胎是天然橡胶最大的下游产品。数据统计,9月以来,已有60余家轮胎企业集中发布了70多份涨价函。
本轮橡胶价格上涨的原因是什么?如何影响产业链上中下游?
上游
“外出打工的人都回西双版纳割胶了”
汽车轮胎、医用手套的材料可能都跟橡胶树有关。全国的橡胶林种植面积大概是1700万亩,仅云南西双版纳就占全国种植面积的超27%。
把乳白色的胶乳从割开的橡胶树上采集出来,是整个橡胶产业链的源头。当地胶农告诉记者,由于收购价格上涨,收入显著增加。
“现在一天割600棵橡胶树左右,折合成干胶是35公斤左右。前几年每天收入大概是300多元,现在涨到500多元。外出打工的人基本上都回来割胶了。”胶农杨清华说。
云南当地一家制胶企业负责人介绍,前几年行业整体处于低价周期,叠加当地异常天气压低胶乳产出,胶农割胶积极性不高,导致原料供应受限,产线开工率不足。今年随着橡胶价格不断走高,胶农割胶积极性回升,原料供应也逐步跟上,加上下游需求订单充足,企业产线开工率也恢复到70%左右。
中游
贸易周转加速 橡胶库存水平下降
胶乳原料加工成初级橡胶产品后,经过中游贸易环节集散,再转向轮胎等下游企业。中游贸易环节的库存情况,是整个产业链的重要晴雨表。
山东青岛是我国最大的天然橡胶贸易集散地,一家橡胶期货交割库的负责人付新祥告诉记者,今年以来,库存周转期已从半年压缩到三个月左右,库存水平下降明显。“往年我们在青岛地区的橡胶总体库存大概在15万吨,目前在青岛的库存大概9万吨。”
记者了解到,尽管原材料价格相对上涨,但下游轮胎厂等受产能刚需支撑,采购量总体平稳,部分企业还会根据价格上涨趋势,适当提前锁货。
业内人士认为,本轮橡胶价格上涨,是产业周期、天气溢价和宏观资金面三重因素共振的结果。
产业周期方面,全球橡胶树开割面积增长放缓,供应进入收缩周期。
天气溢价方面,来自全球橡胶主产区东南亚多地降雨偏多,影响割胶天数,市场对减产预期做出提前反应。
在全球流动性宽松预期下,资金涌入橡胶等大宗商品,放大了价格波动。
业内人士认为,目前橡胶进口量和国内产出没有明显下降,价格上涨更多是一种预期反映。
下游
原料成本上涨 轮胎企业多举措应对
轮胎是天然橡胶最大的下游产品,橡胶原料价格的上涨,直接影响轮胎行业的成本和收益。
数据统计,9月以来,已有60余家轮胎企业集中发布70多份涨价函,覆盖全钢胎、半钢胎、工程胎等全品类,调价幅度普遍在2%到5%。
轮胎的原材料占生产成本七成以上,主要包括天然橡胶、合成橡胶、炭黑这三大核心原料。
山东华盛橡胶有限公司销售总监王小彩介绍,天然橡胶从年初到现在涨幅为15%左右,炭黑的涨幅在75%以上。合成橡胶、各种化学辅料受国际油价影响,涨幅分别在15%到20%左右。
针对原料成本变化,轮胎企业采取了多元化策略进行应对。一方面适当调整产能,由按季度总量排产,调整为按订单排产。另一方面通过期货市场套保,提前锁定原料成本,即按约定价格买入相应原料数量的期货合约,如果未来原料涨价,期货的盈利可以弥补现货成本上升;如果原料降价,期货虽然亏损但现货成本同步降低,可以保持整体成本稳定。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
橡胶价格短期内可能保持在高位波动
Likely · Within weeks
轮胎企业将继续通过涨价和期货套保应对原料成本上涨
Very likely · Within months

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