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Back起底日本右翼“文化投毒”的四种手法
起底日本右翼“文化投毒”的四种手法
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中国新闻网55 minutes agoWorld6 min readChinaView translation

起底日本右翼“文化投毒”的四种手法

新华社东京11月9日电,记者李子越、梁晨、陈泽安报道,日本右翼保守势力通过影视、动漫、AI短剧等文艺作品丑化中国形象、淡化侵略责任、美化自卫队与公安,引发日本有识之士强烈批评。

Quick Look

新华社报道,日本右翼保守势力通过《VIVANT》《航母伊吹》《永远的0》《GATE奇幻自卫队》《名侦探柯南》及AI短剧《新·战舰大和2030》等文艺作品,丑化中国形象、淡化侵略战争责任、美化自卫队与公安,煽动反华情绪与军事化倾向。日本山口大学名誉教授纐缬厚、作家冷泉彰彦、大学法学部教授米仓律、加州大学圣巴芭拉分校教授扎比娜·弗吕斯图克、共同社记者青木理及日本广播协会前主播木村知义等人对此提出批评。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

近年来,在右翼保守势力推动下,日本政治和社会不断右倾化,右翼思想越来越多在影视、文学、动漫等文艺作品中展现。日本政府公然将中国定位为“前所未有的最大战略挑战”,日本文艺作品中也时常出现刻意丑化中国形象、鼓吹“中国威胁”的内容。

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新华社东京11月9日电(记者李子越 梁晨 陈泽安)近期,日本电视剧《VIVANT》第二季因抹黑中国形象、煽动对华敌意引发巨大争议。日本有识之士对此提出强烈批评,但首相高市早苗等政府高官却声称“想看”“喜欢”。

近年来,在右翼保守势力推动下,日本政治和社会不断右倾化,右翼思想也越来越多在影视、文学、动漫等文艺作品中展现。这些“有毒”内容潜移默化地影响着日本民众的认知,使他们更倾向于接受修正主义历史叙事和扩军备武政策主张。在“投毒”时,日本右翼势力主要使用了以下四种手法。

手法一:丑化邻国,煽动对立情绪

近年来,日本政府愈发不掩饰对抗中国的意图,公然将中国定位为“前所未有的最大战略挑战”。与此同时,日本文艺作品中也时常出现刻意丑化中国形象、鼓吹“中国威胁”的内容。

2025年,日本电视台在知名综艺节目《月曜夜未央》中误导性剪辑对一名中国女性的街头采访,令观众产生“中国人吃乌鸦”的错误印象。此次引发争议的TBS电视台电视剧《VIVANT》则虚构具有中国背景的秘密组织,并设置该组织以殴打等残忍手段对日本自卫队情报人员刑讯逼供的情节。

2014年开始连载的漫画《航母伊吹》更直接将故事背景设定为中日围绕钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿发生军事冲突,中国被描绘为“挑起争端”的一方。

这些作品题材、形式不同,但都将中国塑造为“野蛮”“残暴”“具有威胁性”,意图引发观众对华负面认知。有分析指出,此举意在通过污名化政府所认定的竞争对手,正当化本国的对抗行为。当中国的负面形象在普通民众心中固化,他们就会认同日本政府的扩军政策是“迫不得已”的防御措施。

日本山口大学名誉教授纐缬厚认为,日本右翼长期的反华宣传助长了日本社会相当程度的反华情绪,这些作品利用部分日本人心中本就潜藏的这种心态,吸引对事实认识不足的民众关注,成为煽动排外情绪的工具。

手法二:渲染悲情,淡化侵略责任

近年来,日本出现不少以“特攻队”为题材的文艺作品。所谓“特攻队”,是“特别攻击队”的简称,指二战末期日军中驾驶装载炸弹的飞机或小型潜艇等实施自杀式攻击的部队。长期以来,国际社会和日本国内有识之士普遍认为,组织“特攻作战”是日本军国主义漠视个体生命的罪恶行径。然而,部分日本文艺作品却通过对个体命运的悲情式讲述,淡化“特攻作战”背后的侵略战争背景和日本军方责任,甚至将其包装成“英雄故事”。

例如,2013年上映的电影《永远的0》,将一名日本零式战斗机飞行员刻画成重视亲情却被迫参加“特攻行动”,最终“英勇牺牲”的悲情人物。2023年上映的电影《在那开满花的山丘,我想与你再度相遇》则讲述了一名当代日本女高中生穿越到1945年,与即将执行“特攻作战”任务的年轻飞行员相爱的故事,将侵略战争背景下的死亡包装成爱情悲剧。

对此,日本作家冷泉彰彦等人指出,“特攻作战”本应成为反思和被批判的对象,相关作品却将叙事重点放在“特攻队员”的个人命运上,使观众产生悲情共鸣,甚至将同情转化成敬意。在这一过程中,日本发动侵略战争的历史责任被冲淡,本应反思的军国主义历史被美化得悲壮而浪漫。

除“特攻队”题材外,不少以反战为主旨的日本文艺作品也有类似问题,即只讲战争很悲惨所以不能有战争,却有意无意地淡化侵略战争性质和日本加害责任,模糊正义与非正义的界限。日本大学法学部教授米仓律批评说:“通过将战争描述为单方面的‘受难’经历,日本和日本人在战争中对他国实施的侵略和残暴行为,也就是‘加害’经历,被舍弃了。”

手法三:娱乐化手段,削弱民众警惕

日本宪法规定日本“不保持陆海空军及其他战争力量”,自卫队的存在是否违宪一直存在争议,日本民众长期以来对加强军力也多有警惕。但近年来,不少动漫、影视剧等在内容上添加自卫队元素,甚至在制作过程中与自卫队密切合作,这种做法正逐步改变民众认知。

在日本动画《GATE奇幻自卫队》里,穿越到异世界的自卫队被描绘成具有强大作战能力、保护民众并维护秩序的力量。2015年,“自卫队东京地方协力本部”还与该动画联合制作了自卫队员的招募海报。在电视剧《VIVANT》里,刺探别国情报的自卫队情报人员也被美化成正义力量。

长期研究日本文化的美国加利福尼亚大学圣巴芭拉分校教授扎比娜·弗吕斯图克指出,日本自卫队通过娱乐化方式弱化其作为军事组织的暴力属性,模糊军事活动与普通社会活动间的界限,并逐渐将战争包装成正当、必要甚至不可避免的行为。这种做法最终将削弱和平的价值,侵蚀社会对战争的警惕意识。

除自卫队外,日本警察系统中的“公安”部门也通过文艺作品被“洗白”。二战后,臭名昭著的“特高警察”被驻日盟军废除,日本政府很快成立了作为替代组织的所谓“公安”。该组织许多早期成员就来自原“特高警察”。基于这一“身世”及多次办案不当的“劣迹”,“公安”名声并不好。但近年来,一些日本文艺作品开始为“公安”部门“正名”。

例如,在日本人气动漫《名侦探柯南》中,“公安”就被塑造成“保卫国家安全”的正义组织。来自“公安”的一名男性角色还被设定为拥有帅气的外形和强烈的“爱国”精神,在日本民众中收获大量“粉丝”。

对此,曾在日本共同社负责采访“公安”部门的记者青木理指出,“公安”并不像动漫中描述的那样高尚,更多不是“保卫国家”而是“保卫自身权益”。作品对“公安”违法办案的方式进行了肯定性描述,却不提其中危害。作品对“公安”的过分赞美令人“无语”。

手法四:AI加持,加速偏见传播

随着人工智能(AI)技术的发展,AI短剧等新型文艺作品兴起,日本一些制作者将右翼思想融入其中。

例如,在一部名为《新·战舰大和2030》的AI短剧中,日本政府主要人物高度仿照日本现政府官员,宣扬的安全观也与现政府一致,即日本面临邻国的“严重安全威胁”;主张反战的媒体和在野党人士则被塑造成不顾日本安全的反派。剧中肯定“存亡危机事态”概念,甚至出现“台湾有事”、中日海上冲突等情节设定,高市早苗的涉台错误言论也在剧中出现,自卫队舰艇赴台则被塑造成执行“人道主义任务”。

AI短剧等文艺作品制作门槛和成本低、速度快,且易于社交媒体传播,使右翼观点更容易渗透广泛人群。除文艺作品外,宣扬右翼思想和捏造涉华负面信息的其他AI生成内容也大量出现并在网上传播。比如,去年5月,一段声称是“中国大型游轮向海中排放大量污水”的视频就在日本网络上广为流传,后经查证是由AI制作的虚假内容。

去年,日本大型众包平台CrowdWorks被曝出刊登有偿制作“嫌中视频”的招募任务;今年4月,日本《朝日新闻》跟进报道了该平台上发包雇人用AI技术制作贬低中国、歪曲历史视频的具体内幕。报道说,为提高效率,发包者甚至配发了详细的“操作手册”。

对于上述种种“文化投毒”现象,纐缬厚深感忧虑。他说,日本历史上就曾将文艺作品当作贬低其他国家和民族的手段,最终使日本人认同了走向战争的道路。

日本资深媒体人、日本广播协会前主播木村知义指出,战后日本社会未能彻底清算侵略战争的历史责任,如今类似的排外情绪和军事化倾向再次显现。若不能正视历史教训、警惕社会舆论中的危险倾向,日本及其国民或再次被引向极其危险的方向。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 日本右翼文艺作品中丑化中国、美化军事化的现象可能继续增加

    Likely · Within months

  • 日本有识之士对右翼文化投毒的批评可能持续并扩大

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 日本政府是否会对相关文艺作品采取监管措施?
  • 《VIVANT》第二季是否会因争议而修改或停播?
  • 日本民众对这些右翼文艺作品的实际接受度如何?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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