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Back教育部長鄭英耀稱聘老師是地方責任引發爭議,專家指出教育治理需明確中央與地方分工
教育部長鄭英耀稱聘老師是地方責任引發爭議,專家指出教育治理需明確中央與地方分工
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自由时报1 hour agoEducation4 min readChinaView translation

教育部長鄭英耀稱聘老師是地方責任引發爭議,專家指出教育治理需明確中央與地方分工

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教育部長鄭英耀表示聘老師是各縣市政府責任引發批評,文章分析指出台灣國民教育實行中央與地方分權,教師缺額問題涉及員額彈性、少子化影響及師資培育政策,強調中央與地方應各負其責而非互相推卸,並呼籲具體檢討缺額成因而非簡單指責。

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Why It Matters

台灣國民教育實行中央與地方分權,教育部負責全國教育制度、法令、政策、經費與師資培育;國教署負責高中以下教育政策的執行、督導、協調與協助;國中小實際教師需求、員額控留及代理教師招聘主要由地方政府與學校執行。

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開學第一天,全台仍有部分學校找不到代理教師。教育部長鄭英耀面對媒體詢問表示:「聘老師是各縣市政府的責任。」一句話立即引發批評,甚至有人改寫王陽明〈睡起偶成〉諷刺:「教部耳盡聾,日暮猶不醒。任他高樓撞曉鐘,我自昏睡正懵懵。」詩很尖銳,讀來也痛快。然而,教育問題如果最後只剩下一首罵部長的詩,真正需要檢討的制度問題反而可能被政治口水淹沒。我曾擔任學校校長,長期接觸教師員額及地方教育行政。從實務來看,鄭英耀這句話確實說得太簡短,容易讓人感覺教育部在「甩鍋」;但就現行教育行政體制而言,「教師聘任是地方政府的責任」,基本上並沒有說錯。真正需要釐清的是:教育部、國教署與地方政府,各自應該負什麼責任?

教育部長鄭英耀面對媒體詢問表示:「聘老師是各縣市政府的責任。」一句話立即引發批評。(資料照)一、國民教育本來就是中央與地方分權

台灣國民教育的治理,從來不是所有事情都由教育部決定。教育部負責全國教育制度、法令、政策、經費與師資培育;國民及學前教育署負責高中以下教育政策的執行、督導、協調與協助;至於國中小實際需要多少教師、開多少正式缺、多少員額需要控留,以及教師甄選與代理教師招聘,主要執行者則是地方政府與所屬學校。這樣的制度有其學理,也有實務上的必要。台北、新竹、彰化、雲林、澎湖的人口結構不同,都會區與偏鄉學校面對的問題更不相同。哪一所學校明年可能減班?哪個鄉鎮學生持續減少?哪些學校可能整併?最清楚這些事情的,本來就是地方政府。如果連某一所國小退休一名教師,要不要補正式缺,都要由教育部長從台北決定,反而違背地方教育治理的基本精神。

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二、有教師缺額,不代表全部都要聘正式教師

115學年度國中小代理教師缺額較高縣市。(本報製表)這次「教師荒」爭議中,有一件事情很少被說清楚:學校出現教師缺額,地方政府並不一定立即招聘正式教師。以我熟悉的彰化教育現場為例,長年都會控管一定數量的正式教師缺額,再以代理、代課教師補充。原因很現實,就是少子化。正式教師一旦聘任,就是長期的人事責任。今天如果把所有缺額全部補成正式教師,三、五年後學生減少、班級縮減,甚至學校整併,就可能產生大量超額教師。超額教師必須介聘到其他學校;當各地都在減班時,這又會成為另一個棘手問題。因此,地方政府保留一定比例正式缺額,以代理教師維持人事彈性,是長期存在的員額管理方式,現行制度也容許一定比例的控留。真正應該討論的是:「控留多少才合理?」控留太多,代理教師比例過高,教師工作不穩定,也可能影響教育品質;完全不控留,又可能在少子化下製造未來的超額教師問題。這需要專業判斷,很難用一句「有缺為什麼不補人?」回答。

三、99.58%不是滿分,也不能因此說教育全面崩潰

教育部公布,全國公立國中小仍有614名代理教師待聘,以全國14萬多名教師規模計算,師資整備完成率約99.58%。教育部當然不能拿99.58%掩蓋第一線的困難。因為剩下的0.42%,如果集中在某一所偏鄉學校、特殊教育班,或者某個長期缺乏師資的科目,對那所學校而言,就是每天必須面對的百分之百問題。然而,全國師資整備已達99%以上,也不宜因此形容整個國民教育已經到了「無師可用」的程度。現在更重要的是把剩餘缺額逐一分析:在哪些縣市?哪些科別?都市或偏鄉?正式缺或代理缺?已經招聘幾次?為什麼沒有人來?把問題分析清楚,才能找到解決方法。

四、部長沒有立即解決,就叫「昏睡」嗎?

教育部公布,全國公立國中小仍有614名代理教師待聘,以全國14萬多名教師規模計算,師資整備完成率約99.58%。(資料照)教育部長當然應該接受監督與批評,但台灣教育是一個數十年形成的龐大體系。師資培育、教師待遇、代理制度、教師員額、管教權、校事會議、行政負擔及校園事件處理,每一項背後都有法律、預算與行政程序。一位部長可以立即要求國教署盤點問題、召集地方政府、提出改革方向;但是很難今天下令,明天全台灣學校就完全改變。因此,沒有立即做到,就以「耳盡聾」、「昏睡正懵懵」形容,作為政治諷刺可以理解,作為政策判斷則稍嫌急了一些。真正應該考核的是:半年後做了什麼?一年後改了什麼?教師行政負擔有沒有下降?教育環境有沒有改善?願意進入教育現場的人有沒有增加?這才是對一位教育部長公平而嚴格的檢驗。

五、張麗善做了近八年縣長,也該回答自己的問題

比較讓我不解的,反而是雲林縣長張麗善的回應。她說現在「老師尊嚴蕩然無存」,教育部應該承擔找回教師尊嚴與教育熱情的責任。找回教師尊嚴,我完全贊成。問題在於,這是誰的責任?張麗善從2018年底擔任雲林縣長至今,已接近完整八年。八年並不短,足以建立一套地方教育政策,也足以改善教師工作環境。值得肯定的是,雲林縣曾推動代理教師全年聘期,改善代理教師待遇。這件事情反而證明:地方政府手上本來就握有改善教師工作環境的政策工具。既然如此,今天雲林仍有數十名代理教師缺額,做了近八年的縣長更應該回答:雲林為什麼找不到這些老師?是偏鄉交通與住宿問題?待遇問題?代理教師比例?行政負擔?教師管教壓力?還是部分科目長期缺乏師資?屬於中央制度的問題,就具體要求教育部修改;屬於地方權責的,就應由縣政府自己改革。地方首長一方面掌握教師員額、學校管理與地方教育資源,另一方面又將「老師尊嚴蕩然無存」的責任指向教育部,這樣的說法並不完整。尤其已經執政近八年的地方首長,更應該拿出自己的教育成績單,說明八年來做了什麼,還有哪些沒有做好。

六、師資培育政策的歷史責任,可以另外檢討

開學日仍有部分學校找不到老師,雲林縣長張麗善要教育部找回教師尊嚴與教育熱情,縣市政府也會全力配合及支持。(資料照)當然,今天的教師荒還有更深層的問題。過去師資培育政策是否失衡?師培多元化之後的供需預估是否準確?少子化年代曾經出現大量流浪教師,如今為什麼部分地區又開始找不到老師?代理教師制度長期化,是否降低年輕人投入教育工作的意願?這些都值得教育部深入檢討。但這屬於另一個層次的問題,不能和「今年某縣市某所學校代理教師還沒找到」全部混在一起。短期的教師招聘、中期的員額配置、長期的師資培育,原本就是三個不同層次的政策問題。把它們全部歸責於一位部長,或者全部歸責於某個地方政府,都無助於解決問題。

七、中央不能甩鍋,地方也不能把鍋送到台北

這場爭議真正值得我們記取的是:教育治理最怕權責不清,出了問題之後彼此指責。教師聘任的直接行政責任在地方政府與學校;國教署負責督導、協調與協助;教育部則對全國師資培育、教師制度、法規與整體教育環境負政策責任。三者都有責任,只是責任不同。因此,鄭英耀說「教師聘任是地方政府責任」,最好把後半句補上:「中央仍然負有制度改革、督導與協助地方的責任。」張麗善要求教育部「找回教師尊嚴」,也應該補上一句:「做了近八年的地方政府,我們自己還有哪些責任沒有做好?」與其中央、地方隔空互相指責,不如教育部、國教署與各縣市教育局處一起把仍未補足的教師缺額攤在桌上,一個縣市、一個科別、一所學校地找出原因。教育問題需要監督,也需要對制度有基本理解。中央負起中央的責任,國教署做好督導協調,地方政府扛起地方治理的責任。權力在哪裡,責任就應該跟到哪裡。這才是面對教師荒,比「誰在昏睡」更值得追問的問題。

中小學8月31日開學,全台仍有許多縣市代理教師缺額,教育部表示會協助持續招聘師資。(資料照)(作者為退休校長;台灣基督長老教會二水教會長老)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 教育部將在未來幾個月內召開地方政府會議,討論代理教師缺額的具體成因與解決方案

    Likely · Within months

  • 部分縣市將檢討員額控留比例,以平衡少子化影響與教師工作穩定性

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 各縣市代理教師缺額的具體成因為何?
  • 員額控留的合理比例應該是多少?
  • 地方政府在改善教師工作環境方面具體做了哪些努力?
  • 師資培育政策是否與少子化時代的供需脫節?

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