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Back全球債券市場拋售潮升溫 長期殖利率上升背後的三大推手
全球債券市場拋售潮升溫 長期殖利率上升背後的三大推手
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自由时报2 hours agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

全球債券市場拋售潮升溫 長期殖利率上升背後的三大推手

Quick Look

全球債券市場近期掀起拋售潮,美國10年期公債殖利率突破4.8%,英、德、日等國殖利率同步上揚。市場焦點已從短期利率預期轉向長期期限溢酬,主要受油價上漲、財政赤字擴大及企業融資需求強勁三大因素驅動。若殖利率結構性上升,長期債券收益或難回到超低水平,但同時提升固定收益資產的長期投資吸引力。

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Why It Matters

近期全球債券市場出現拋售潮,美國10年期公債殖利率突破4.8%,創2023年以來新高,30年期殖利率逼近5.3%。英、德、日等國殖利率同步上揚,顯示為全球性調整。市場焦點已從短期利率預期轉向長期期限溢酬。

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■Marion Le Morhedec

近來全球債券市場經歷一段艱難時期,美國10年期公債殖利率一度攀升至4.8%以上,創下2023年以來新高,30年期公債殖利率也逼近5.3%。這波賣壓並非僅限於美國,英國、德國及日本公債殖利率同樣走高,顯示這是一場全球性債券市場調整。

近期全球債券市場掀起拋售潮,美國10年期公債殖利率衝破4.8%,英、德、日等國殖利率同步上揚,顯示市場對高利率長期化的共識擴及全球。(彭博)

然而,更值得關注的並非殖利率上升本身,而是推動殖利率走高的原因正在改變。

今年8月,債券市場仍主要圍繞貨幣政策預期波動。投資人持續評估美國聯準會對抗通膨決心,以及是否進一步升息,市場聚焦短天期利率與政策路徑的重新定價。

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油價+赤字+發債潮 長債殖利率難壓下的三大幕後黑手

但近期市場發展顯示,長天期公債殖利率也開始顯著上升,代表市場焦點轉向期限溢酬,亦即持有長天期債券所要求的額外報酬。

目前市場之所以開始重新評價期限溢酬,背後有多重因素。首先,油價上漲再度引發市場對通膨的擔憂;其次,主要經濟體持續面臨龐大的財政赤字,需要透過發債籌措資金;此外,企業融資需求依舊強勁,增加市場必須吸收的債券供給規模。

以美國為例,投資等級公司債8月發行量創下歷來同期新高。當政府與企業同時擴大融資,市場必須思考的問題已不再只是聯準會還會升息幾次,而是需要多高的殖利率,才能吸引足夠資金承接持續增加的長天期債券供給。

如果投資人要求的殖利率持續提高,代表市場要求的補償已不只是來自未來政策利率預期,而是納入對通膨不確定性、財政風險以及供給壓力的考量,以致期限溢酬變化值得高度關注。

與政策利率預期不同,期限溢酬一旦出現結構性上升,往往可能持續更長時間。當經濟成長放緩時,市場對央行政策的預期或許能快速反轉;但若投資人認為通膨波動將更頻繁、政府借貸需求將長期維持高位,那麼長天期殖利率未必能輕易回到過去超低利率時代的水準。

警惕信用利差擴大 企業融資面臨「雙重加壓」風險

除了公債市場外,信用市場的表現也值得密切追蹤。

目前信用市場尚未反映企業償債能力出現明顯惡化,也未顯示違約風險大幅升高。換言之,市場主要擔憂在於政府債務、供給與期限風險,而非企業基本面問題。

然而,如果未來公債殖利率持續攀升,同時信用利差也開始顯著擴大,企業將面臨雙重壓力。一方面,基礎融資成本升高;另一方面,投資人也會要求更高的信用風險補償。這將成為觀察金融環境是否進一步收緊的重要指標。

儘管短期環境仍充滿挑戰,認為固定收益資產的長期投資價值其實正在改善。

過去多年超低利率環境下,債券投資人面臨收益不足問題。但隨著殖利率回升,意味未來潛在收益能力同步提高。從資產配置角度來看,固定收益資產重新展現更具吸引力的收益來源。

因此,全球債券市場目前討論的焦點,已逐漸超越下一次央行的利率決策。更重要的是,在通膨波動加劇、財政赤字擴大、政府借貸增加及債券供給環境日益複雜的背景下,投資人究竟需要多少報酬,才願意承擔長天期風險。

債券市場短期存波動 長線鎖利迎難得良機

短期來看,債券市場仍可能持續波動,投資人宜對信用風險保持審慎,對長天期殖利率是否已觸頂也不宜過早下定論。然而,殖利率上升雖然讓固定收益資產的短期配置變得更具挑戰,卻也正在強化其長期投資吸引力,並為投資人創造近年少見的固定收益投資機會。

(作者為富達國際全球固定收益投資長 )

一手掌握經濟脈動 點我訂閱自由財經Youtube頻道

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 若油價持續上漲及財政赤字維持高位,長期公債殖利率將進一步上升

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 殖利率上升是否將持續至何時?
  • 油價、財政赤字及企業融資需求哪個因素影響最大?
  • 央行是否會因長期殖利率上升而調整政策?

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