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Back歐洲航空業虛假炸彈威脅:誰是幕後黑手?
歐洲航空業虛假炸彈威脅:誰是幕後黑手?
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BBC中文39 minutes agoWorld6 min readChinaView translation

歐洲航空業虛假炸彈威脅:誰是幕後黑手?

歐洲至少21架客機及多座機場遭到炸彈威脅,英國政府形容為「惡意惡作劇」,各界將目光投向混合戰爭可能性。

Quick Look

歐洲至少21架客機及多座機場在一週內二度遭遇假炸彈威脅,引發航班改道及戰鬥機護航。雖然多起事件被指與混合戰爭手法相似,但截至目前尚無確切證據指向特定幕後黑手。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

歐洲多國航班及機場近期頻繁遭受假炸彈威脅,引發安全當局高度警戒。

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警告接連不斷地出現,一個接一個地鎖定不同航空公司或機場。

除了倫敦希斯洛機場(Heathrow Airport)是明顯例外,幾乎在其他所有案例中,相關威脅都被認為具有足夠可信度,以至於當局決定讓涉事航班改道。在義大利的案例中,甚至出動戰鬥機升空伴飛護航。

事後證明這些威脅全是假的。但當然不代表下一次的警報也會是假的。

這些航空業惡作劇威脅同時出現、且經過協調的特性,再加上近期歐洲其他惡意破壞事件,使不少人將懷疑目光投向俄羅斯,這並不令人意外。

今年稍早發生一系列網路攻擊以及針對敏感設施的不明無人機目擊事件後,過去幾天又出現超市冷凍設備遭遠端駭入、血庫系統遭攻擊、波蘭與俄羅斯邊境的可疑事件,以及8月針對德國萊比錫哈勒機場(Leipzig Halle Airport)的無人機襲擊,德國內政部長當時更公開將責任歸咎於莫斯科。

那麼,俄羅斯是否就是幕後黑手?

許多人認為,儘管目前僅有間接證據,但這很可能又是一次「混合戰爭」(hybrid warfare)、「灰色地帶行動」(grey zone warfare)或「門檻以下戰爭」(sub-threshold warfare)的案例。

這類行動旨在破壞一國的基礎設施或社會運作,通常匿名進行、容易否認責任,而且不至於觸發北約第五條款,因而無法直接引發西方國家的集體回應。

莫斯科確實對北約支持烏克蘭感到憤怒,因為北約的援助阻礙了克里姆林宮吞併烏克蘭、實質終結其獨立地位的計畫。

俄羅斯一些部落客甚至表示,既然烏克蘭無人機已讓俄國機場變得不安全,而西方制裁又阻止俄羅斯航空公司使用歐洲領空,那麼西方國家為何不該感受同樣的痛苦?

然而,截至週四(11月5日)晚間,仍沒有任何確切證據顯示這些虛假威脅與俄羅斯、伊朗,或其控制的代理人組織有關。

其中一條線索,是週四上午羅馬機場當局收到的一封恐嚇電郵,寄件者自稱是「男性國家戰士」(Fighters of the Male State)。

這個名稱很可能指向俄羅斯團體「男性軍團」(Muzhskoi Legion,亦稱 Male Legion)。這是一個極右翼組織,因主張極端而於2021年遭莫斯科法院取締。

然而,該組織仍在Telegram保有數以萬計追隨者,並在翌年俄羅斯全面入侵烏克蘭後公開表達支持。

不過,即使寄往羅馬的電子郵件確實出自該組織之手,又有誰能保證不是其他團體借用這個名義行事?

因此,這封郵件恐怕無法提供警方與機場當局真正需要的線索,以查明究竟是誰製造這些虛假威脅,以及背後動機為何。

對試圖查明幕後黑手、並評估未來如何降低類似事件衝擊的各國警方、機場管理單位與交通部門而言,關鍵不在於鎖定自己認為最可能的嫌疑對象,而是追查冷冰冰但可靠的證據線索──前提是他們找得到這些線索。

歐洲航空公司和機場,一週內第二度遭虛假炸彈威脅

歐洲至少21架客機及多座機場遭到炸彈威脅,這是一週內第二次發生類似事件。英國政府形容這些威脅為「惡意惡作劇」。

前往奧地利、比利時、保加利亞、捷克、法國、義大利、波蘭及羅馬尼亞的航班均受影響。

一架由都柏林飛往羅馬的愛爾蘭航空客機,被迫降法國空軍基地,而義大利則出動戰鬥機護送芬蘭航空(Finnair)一班由赫爾辛基飛往羅馬的航班。

EasyJet表示,其由紐卡素(Newcastle)及格拉斯哥(Glasgow)飛往布拉格的航班,基於預防措施,在抵達時由警方接應。另一方面,倫敦希斯洛機場(Heathrow)及伯明翰機場收到的威脅,則被評估為不具可信性。

各地搜查均未發現任何爆炸物,目前尚不清楚這些事件是否彼此相關。部分威脅則是由一個知名度不高的組織宣稱負責。

羅馬機場管理單位表示,週四針對兩個飛往羅馬航班的虛假威脅,是透過電子郵件發出的。

他們更威脅要透過爆炸「讓天空染成紅色」。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 警方與機場當局將繼續追查虛假威脅的證據線索。

    Likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 幕後黑手究竟為何人或哪個組織?
  • 這些威脅事件彼此是否有直接關聯?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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