
文章探讨职场“软侵权”包括软监控、软裁员和软暴力,指出劳动者难以取证的困境,并主张前移“硬约束”关口,完善监管与举证责任分配,保障劳动者权益。
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文章引用工人日报系列稿件,报道了当前某些用人单位隐蔽监控员工上网过程、无正当理由逼迫员工辞职以及对员工无端精神伤害等职场“软侵权”现象。
“软侵权”的共同特征,不是“伤害不存在”,而是劳动者身处伤害中,却很难拿出直接证据证明被侵权。破解这一困局,应当把“硬约束”的关口前移。把用人单位的用工管理行为关进明确的“规则之笼”,让职场隐性侵权承担显性的违法代价,实现劳动者权益保障与企业良性发展的共赢。
“上网行为就会受到监控,公司还能看到员工手机的网页浏览记录”“以“软裁员”手段相逼,迫使劳动者主动辞职,以实现“零成本”裁员”“上司的无端指责谩骂、个别同事的排挤孤立,又或是因轻微失误被当众羞辱”……近期,工人日报刊发《数字时代,职场“软侵权”当有硬约束》系列稿件,报道了当前某些用人单位隐蔽监控员工上网过程、无正当理由逼迫员工辞职以及对员工无端精神伤害等职场“软侵权”现象。这类行为的“软”,核心指向是不易察觉、难以取证,而非意味着其不具备侵权属性。
职场“软监控”中,部分企业依托智能系统,悄悄采集员工工作状态、面部表情、操作行为等数据,监控边界甚至延伸至私人休息时段与社交界面,还往往被包装为“办公合规管理”,劳动者很难及时发现侵权痕迹。而现有法律明确,用人单位可在事先充分告知的前提下,针对工作场景开展必要监控,但必须严格遵循合法、正当、必要原则,不得非法获取员工私人通讯等隐私信息,未通过员工手册、入职协议等书面形式明确告知监控范围、数据用途的“秘密监控”,本质上涉嫌违法。
“软裁员”则是部分用人单位为规避法定经济补偿,通过恶意调岗降薪、随意提高考核标准、剥夺工作权限等方式持续施压,变相逼迫劳动者主动辞职,是典型的“零成本侵权”捷径,直接损害劳动者的合法劳动权益。
职场“软暴力”则是三类侵权中最隐蔽的一类。当众侮辱性谩骂、长期集体孤立、无理由冷眼施压,这些行为没有显性肢体冲突和直接经济处罚,却容易让身处其中的劳动者陷入焦虑、失眠甚至抑郁状态,还常被一句“又没打你、又没扣你钱”来消解伤害,能够完整留痕、顺利维权的案例在现实中仅占少数。
三类“软侵权”的共同特征,不是“伤害不存在”,而是劳动者身处伤害中,却很难拿出直接证据证明被侵权,但这类行为绝非游离于法律之外。具体而言,擅自恢复员工私人聊天记录被判违法的劳动争议案例、劳动者凭出勤证据胜诉的“软裁员”仲裁案等都已划出清晰的司法红线——企业对办公设备的所有权,不等于对员工个人信息的无限控制权;所谓“经营需要”,不能成为用人单位单方面变更劳动合同核心条款、实施“软裁员”的借口;长期言语侮辱、精神孤立,即便没有肢体冲突,这样的“软暴力”同样可能构成人格权侵权,需要承担精神损害赔偿责任。
目前上述职场“软侵权”的维权仍存在现实堵点:现有劳动保障监察的覆盖范围尚不能完全适配这类边界模糊的隐性侵权,用人单位一方掌握的OA、钉钉、企业微信等管理工具系统数据易被篡改删除,这进一步抬高了劳动者的取证门槛。破解这一困局,不该只让劳动者事前就想着“留证据防被坑”,不能只靠劳动者单打独斗的事后维权,而应当把“硬约束”的关口前移,比如,有关部门可以进一步完善现有规定,将职场“软侵权”纳入执法监督范围;细化相关侵权行为的认定标准,明确企业监控行为、调岗降薪、绩效考核等的合理边界、正当程序;进一步优化举证责任分配规则,为劳动者依法维权提供更多便利和制度依据,从而推动劳动者权益保护向事前预防延伸。
把用人单位的用工管理行为关进明确的“规则之笼”,让职场隐性侵权承担显性的违法代价,才能更好维护劳动关系双方的合法权益,守护数字时代的和谐劳动关系,让劳动者安心投入工作,实现劳动者权益保障与企业良性发展的共赢。
本报评论员 张伟杰

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