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Back自由開講》美中進口管制新戰場 台灣別缺席
自由開講》美中進口管制新戰場 台灣別缺席
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自由时报2 hours agoOpinion5 min readChinaView translation

自由開講》美中進口管制新戰場 台灣別缺席

台灣企業需應對美國供應鏈審查與「科技灘頭堡」風險

Quick Look

美中科技戰重心轉向進口管制,美國擬限制中國技術深入基礎設施。台灣企業若僅依賴海外組裝,恐難符合供應鏈安全要求,需建立零組件追溯與軟體更新查核能力,以應對未來更嚴格的市場准入規則。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美國眾議院美中戰略競爭特別委員會於9月16日舉行聽證,探討進口管制以應對中國供應鏈威脅。美國已針對聯網汽車軟硬體實施限制,並考慮將此類分散措施整合為常設制度。

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美中科技戰正在悄悄換戰場。過去幾年,華府最關心的是哪些技術不能流到中國;如今另一個問題浮上檯面;哪些中國技術一旦大規模進入美國,會反過來形成供應鏈、資料與基礎設施的戰略依賴?美國眾議院美中戰略競爭特別委員會在九月十六日以「進口管制」為題舉行聽證。保衛民主基金會中國事務資深主任克雷格·辛格頓(Craig Singleton)在證詞提出「進口端科技安全體系」概念。這已不是單純關稅加碼,而是把經濟安全視角從防止關鍵能力外流延伸到進口管制以應對中國產業政策與供應鏈威脅。

美國禁止在車輛的雲端連接系統中使用中國軟體,以防止車載攝影機、麥克風及全球定位系統(GPS)定位功能被外國對手利用,美國汽車業已加緊檢查並清除這些技術,以與中國供應鏈進行「脫鉤」。台灣若還把美中科技戰理解為先進晶片不能賣給中國,恐怕已漏看此戰略轉折。辛格頓提醒華府限制關鍵技術外流之際,也須防範中國科技深入美國工廠、電網與通訊系統,形成難以擺脫依賴。出口與進口管制並進將使供應鏈面對更深層審查。美國二○二五年已針對聯網汽車的特定中國軟硬體訂定限制;辛格頓倡議把分散措施整合為常設制度。這項建議尚非全面實施新法,台灣卻不能等規則定案後才開始準備。

中國在這些產業的競爭力來自量產規模、密集供應商網路,以及補貼支撐的價格攻勢。當客戶大量採用同一套設備,維修、資料與軟體更新也隨之綁定,換供應商便可能牽動整條產線。辛格頓稱之為「科技灘頭堡」。若其他國家供應商在長期價格競爭中退出,客戶也將失去選擇權;屆時加徵關稅,無法立即買回已流失產能。聯網設備的風險在於持續存取資料與遠端控制;成熟製程晶片也可能因替代產能不足形成斷供壓力。美國商務部二○二四年報告指出,四十四%受訪企業無法確認產品是否含有中國本土晶圓代工廠製造晶片。連來源都說不清楚,危機時又如何迅速替換?低價採購省下的成本,可能變成日後整套系統更換的成本。

台灣不能把這場轉折簡化為轉單利多。美方若沿供應鏈檢視風險,審查可能一路深入晶片來源、通訊模組、韌體更新與資料流向。台商即使把最後組裝移到東南亞或墨西哥,只要關鍵軟硬體仍受中國供應商控制,便未必符合未來要求。原產地證明更無法說明設備售出後,是由誰負責程式更新、誰能取得生產資料。

「台灣接單、海外組裝」分工將面臨證明實際控制權新挑戰。我們若只承接訂單,卻沒有能力查明次級供應商,終端客戶就可能把稽核責任與換料成本一併轉嫁。企業能否提出可信任供應鏈證據,可能直接決定訂單能否成交。

政府應把成熟製程、電源管理、工業電腦與機器人零組件納入經濟安全布局,協助產業建立零組件追溯、軟體更新權限查核及替代料件驗證,並爭取與美、日、歐協商認證互認及合理過渡期。共用驗證服務以減輕企業負擔。國內關鍵基礎設施採購應納入資安、維修與斷供成本以長期採購支持第二供應來源,讓廠商有誘因保留產能。管制須依用途與控制能力分級,避免無差別排除把成本壓回台灣業者。台灣既要保住先進製程優勢,也要讓整套工業供應鏈成為可信任選項。當市場准入開始決定產業分工,我們要及早參與規則形成;否則即使拿到新訂單也只是替別人訂的規則付帳單。

台灣須看懂美國「進口管制」新轉折。當經濟安全從管出口走向管進口,被重新定價的將不只是產品,而是信任;形成戰略資產的也不只是產能,而是制定供應鏈規則的能力。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 美國將擴大對聯網設備及關鍵基礎設施的中國技術進口限制。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 美國未來將如何具體定義受管制的關鍵技術清單?
  • 台灣政府將採取何種具體措施協助企業進行認證互認?

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