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Back中拉学者对谈:地缘博弈升温,全球南方何以坚持和平发展?
中拉学者对谈:地缘博弈升温,全球南方何以坚持和平发展?
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中国新闻网1 hour agoPolitics14 min readChinaView translation

中拉学者对谈:地缘博弈升温,全球南方何以坚持和平发展?

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中新社“东西问”邀请中拉学者徐天启与米卡埃拉·奥韦拉尔展开对话,探讨在当前地缘政治博弈升温的背景下,全球南方如何坚持和平发展、维护战略自主及深化南南合作。

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Why It Matters

当前国际局势地缘政治风险不断上升,美对委内瑞拉采取军事和制裁行动,全球南方国家面临维护发展权与战略自主的新挑战。

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中新社北京9月8日电 题:中拉学者对谈:地缘博弈升温,全球南方何以坚持和平发展?

中新社记者 王莹

今年以来,从美国对委内瑞拉采取军事行动,到美以伊战事延宕,国际局势中的地缘政治风险不断上升。当安全、利益与竞争在国际议程中占据更多位置时,广大发展中国家所关注的经济增长和社会稳定是否会受到影响?面对阵营对抗、单边主义和保护主义抬头,全球南方国家又如何维护自身发展权和战略自主?

近日,中新社“东西问”邀请中国人民大学重阳金融研究院副研究员徐天启,与委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔大学教授、研究员米卡埃拉·奥韦拉尔(Micaela Ovelar)展开对话。他们表示,当前国际力量对比和世界格局加速调整,全球南方国家如何避免被地缘政治博弈裹挟成为新挑战。同时,南南合作不断深化,为拉美国家拓展国际合作空间、探索符合自身国情的发展道路提供了更多选择。

对话实录摘要如下:

中新社记者:当前地缘政治竞争呈现升温趋势,世界是否正在进入一个“不稳定时代”?这对各国和平发展权的实现有何影响?

徐天启:当前世界确实面临诸多困境,中国早在2020年就作出“世界进入动荡变革期”的判断。在国际力量对比正在发生变化的背景下,世界格局加速调整,传统大国与新兴力量之间的竞争更加突出。

曾经长期拥有全球主导地位的西方大国,如今难以接受以中国、巴西、印度等为代表的众多新兴大国“群雄并起”的现实。自特朗普第二任期以来,美方鲜少提及所谓“基于规则的国际秩序”,转而企图重塑能够继续维持其霸权与主导地位的全球秩序,为世界制造了大量动荡与危机。

奥韦拉尔:当前国际局势的动荡与美方推行“新门罗主义”有关。美国宣扬所谓的“让美国再次伟大”,实质上是为了通过强权与霸凌手段建立新的霸权秩序,不仅违背国际法和人权,也损害世界和平。

面对严峻的形势,全球南方国家比以往任何时候都更需要团结互助。从拉丁美洲到亚洲、欧亚大陆和非洲,全球南方国家必须深化横向联动,在复杂的地缘政治环境中维护自身合法权益和发展空间。

中新社记者:从历史来看,地缘政治往往强调国家间竞争、势力范围和力量平衡。但今天许多发展中国家的主要矛盾是经济增长、减贫和社会稳定。如何理解地缘政治竞争与和平发展之间的矛盾?

奥韦拉尔:这种张力反映出两种截然不同的政治观。对于全球南方而言,首先需要清晰认清自身的历史定位与主体身份。纵观历史,南方国家长期处于反抗压迫与霸权的斗争之中。当下,全球南方国家应依托多边主义与国际法,探索契合自身国情的发展路径,将发展与减贫作为最核心的诉求。

徐天启:历史经验表明,地缘政治博弈一旦演变为阵营对抗甚至武装冲突,往往会使相关国家和民众付出沉重代价。第一次世界大战有数十个国家参战,战火波及欧洲、亚洲、非洲等地区;第二次世界大战有80多个国家和地区、约20亿人口卷入战争,约占当时世界人口的80%。

不论是当下的乌克兰危机、中东局势,还是委内瑞拉、古巴等国面临的制裁与经济限制,都不同程度影响了相关国家的经济发展和民众生活。

中新社记者:美国近年来对委内瑞拉采取制裁、外交施压等举措,是否影响拉美国家对于自身发展和战略自主的追求?

奥韦拉尔:长期以来,美国将拉丁美洲视为“后院”。特朗普政府强行控制委内瑞拉总统马杜罗,干涉委内瑞拉内政;企图控制掠夺石油与矿产资源,破坏了委内瑞拉乃至整个地区的政治与经济稳定。特朗普政府宣称其介入能够给委内瑞拉带来和平、稳定和经济重建,但这一目标并未实现。

徐天启:美国与拉美的合作策略本质上是一种“攫取型”的模式。大西洋理事会数据显示,2020年至2025年,美国在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的投资年均约329亿美元。但其前提是要求拉美提供矿产、原油、天然气等资源和廉价劳动力,并要无条件配合美方进行阻止非法移民、打击毒品走私等行动。事实上,这种“合作模式”是对他国战略自主权的干涉。

中新社记者:一些国家倾向于通过阵营对抗、军事联盟等手段维护自身利益,并也可能实现短期战略目标。中国为何仍倡导和平发展理念?如何理解和平发展对于破解当前地缘政治困局的意义?

徐天启:中国提出的四大全球倡议,体现了与西方传统地缘政治思维不同的全球治理理念。一些西方国家通过组建盟友体系、强化阵营对抗来维护自身利益,选择性地保护一部分人的权利,同时侵犯另一部分人的权利,这本质上是对抗的逻辑,也背离了人权的普遍性原则。

而中国主张要优先实现生存权、发展权,捍卫和平权,强调人民幸福生活是最大的人权。中国拒绝用陈旧的地缘博弈思维割裂世界,主张普遍安全与共同繁荣。

奥韦拉尔:中国在拉美及全球推动的合作,正在为世界和平发展开辟一条新路。这种合作不仅涵盖经贸与科技,更关乎人权保障与普遍福祉。反观某些超级大国,凭借军事强权与经济胁迫,动辄实施单边制裁甚至军事干涉,严重践踏国际法与人权。

当前世界正处于新旧秩序交替的关键期,一方是主张合作共赢、推动和平发展的崛起力量,另一方则是固守霸权、靠恐吓与强权维持地位的衰落力量。历史终将证明,和平发展才是不可阻挡的时代潮流。

中新社记者:近年来,中国不断扩大与拉美国家的合作。有观点认为,中国加强与拉美合作是大国地缘政治竞争的一部分。如何看待?

奥韦拉尔:把中拉合作简单定义为“地缘政治竞争”极具偏见。美方将中拉正常合作视作对其霸权的所谓“威胁”,企图强行阻断拉美国家与中国的联系。中国倡导的南南合作,其核心是尊重主权、互利共赢与共同发展,这为拉美国家拓展国际合作空间提供了新的选择。

对委内瑞拉以及其他拉美国家而言,中国的发展经验具有一定借鉴意义。我们希望结合自身国情和历史文化,吸收其他国家的发展经验,探索适合本国的现代化道路。

徐天启:过去二十多年,中拉经贸合作持续深化。2024年中拉贸易额首次突破5000亿美元,是本世纪初的40多倍。中拉在贸易、投资、金融、科技、基础设施建设等领域务实合作不断深化,展现出强大的经济互补性与合作韧性。

美国皮尤研究中心7月发布的研究表明,在其调查的6个拉美国家中,人们对中国的看法略比对美国的看法更为积极;此外,受访者更倾向于认为美国干涉他国内政。这反映出,随着拉美国家发展需求和国际环境变化,地区民众对不同发展模式和国际合作伙伴的认知正发生变化。拉美国家迫切需要能够带来实实在在发展红利、尊重其独立主权的真诚伙伴,而非高高在上的霸权国家。(完)

受访者简介:

徐天启,中国人民大学重阳金融研究院国别研究部副主任。从事拉丁美洲研究与美国的西半球政策研究。在《拉丁美洲研究》《人权》《人民日报》《中国日报》《南华早报》《明报》等期刊与报纸上发表研究与评论文章数十篇。

米卡埃拉·奥韦拉尔(Micaela Ovelar),委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔大学政治经济学研究中心(CEEP/UBV)教授、研究员,政治经济学研究学者。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中拉经贸与基础设施合作将继续深化

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 拉美国家未来如何进一步平衡大国外交?
  • 中拉经贸合作未来是否会面临更多外部阻力?

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