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Back管住该管的 放开该放的——我国无人机出口管制政策优化调整
管住该管的 放开该放的——我国无人机出口管制政策优化调整
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中国新闻网2 hours agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

管住该管的 放开该放的——我国无人机出口管制政策优化调整

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2026年10月19日,商务部会同相关部门公布优化调整无人机相关物项出口管制的决定。调整非单纯收紧或放松,而是在精准风险管控与合规贸易便利之间建立制度化动态平衡机制,体现我国出口管制治理能力成熟。政策演进呈现常态化、双向化、精准化特征,旨在统筹发展与安全,让守法者通行无阻、违法者寸步难行。

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Why It Matters

我国无人机出口管制自2015年起将部分无人驾驶航空飞行器纳入两用物项出口管制,2023年完善管制措施延伸至关键零部件,2024年开启有进有出的双向调整,本次为持续优化的最新举措。

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中新网北京10月20日电 2026年10月19日,商务部会同相关部门公布优化调整无人机相关物项出口管制的决定。不难看出,我国无人机出口管制已经迈入常态化动态调整阶段。本轮调整并非单纯的收紧或放松,而是在精准风险管控与合规贸易便利之间搭建制度化动态平衡机制,这是我国出口管制治理能力走向成熟的重要标志。

一、动态调整已成常态,制度演进呈现清晰迭代逻辑

动态调整并非临时政策安排,而是我国无人机出口管制长期稳定运行的基本制度模式。

梳理制度沿革可以清晰看到完整迭代路径:2015年,我国将部分无人驾驶航空飞行器纳入两用物项出口管制,确立以技术参数为核心的管制模式;2023年,进一步完善管制措施,把管制边界从整机延伸至航空发动机、红外成像设备、合成孔径雷达等关键零部件,引入临时管制和全面管制条款;2024年,优化调整相关措施,开启“有进有出”的双向调整,取消针对特定消费级无人机的临时管制;直到本次优化修订,一整套循序渐进、持续完善制度体系逐步成型。

这一演进路径呈现三大鲜明特征。一是调整节奏常态化。政策修订不再单纯由突发事件驱动,而是依托法定风险评估机制,形成政策实施、效果评估、调整优化的闭环管理。二是调控方向双向化。收紧与放宽在同一文件中并存,表明管制不是单纯的加严,而是随安全风险与技术演进的变化进行的动态调整。三是管控覆盖精准化。管制范围从整机拓展到零部件再延伸到核心技术,技术参数持续细化、条文表述持续规范、管控边界持续明晰,管制随风险变化持续校准。

事实上,动态清单调整是全球两用物项治理的普遍做法。美国2026年先后发布暂行最终规则和最终规则等多次修订无人机管制;欧盟每年更新两用物项管制清单,依靠制度化修订应对技术快速迭代带来的监管挑战。评判出口管制现代化水平,不在于管控清单长短,而在于风险响应机制是否灵敏、基础法治框架是否稳定。

二、统筹发展和安全,是内外形势综合校准的结果

每一轮政策优化,本质都是国家安全需求与产业发展需求之间的统筹与平衡。

从外部环境看,无人机军民两用属性极强,同一平台更换载荷,即可在植保巡检等民用场景与侦察打击等军事用途之间切换,技术快速迭代不断改写参数门槛,静态清单很难跟上风险演变。美国2026年先后发布暂行最终规则和最终规则,对广泛可获得的低敏感商用型号无人机放宽许可要求,理由是原有管制门槛已不适应技术扩散现实,这即是对管制范围的持续校准。以精准监管取代粗放管控的取向已成为多经济体的共同选择。

从国内产业看,我国已是全球最大的无人机生产国和出口国,据行业统计,消费级无人机约占全球市场七成,工业级约占五成。庞大的产业体量带来现实两难:若管制尺度过严,容易抑制创新、抬升外贸合规成本;若管制尺度过松,则存在敏感物项流向高风险用途的隐患,两种偏向都不可取。这一产业优势既是我国低空经济发展的重要基础,也对管制政策的精细化提出更高要求。我国还须履行国际防扩散义务,防止民用无人机被滥用于恐怖主义活动、军事目的或大规模杀伤性武器相关扩散。

因此,统筹发展和安全不等于简单折中,核心落脚点是分级分类、精准施策。本次政策优化充分体现这一思路:放宽对低敏感民用整机管控、优化部分部件管制标准,同时将特定关键零部件和飞行控制技术、自主导航技术等技术增列入管制范围。低风险民用领域简化手续、高风险技术与产品加强管控,精准风控与贸易便利本是制度设计的一体两面。只有牢牢管住高风险环节,才有条件为低风险合规贸易开辟便利通道。这既稳定了产业预期,也进一步压实出口经营者的主体责任。

三、管促平衡,以制度型便利化服务合规贸易

贸易大国的出口管制能力,既体现在管得住风险,也体现在放得开、放得稳。

两用物项出口管制条例构建起梯度化三级许可工具体系:单项许可适用于高风险出口,实行逐案审查;通用许可面向内部合规制度健全、出口记录良好、用户渠道稳定的企业,一次审批可多次出口,减少重复申报负担;以登记填报信息方式获得出口凭证,专门服务低风险贸易场景。三种工具由严到简,企业适合何种许可,取决于物项风险、目的地风险及自身合规管理能力。

分级便利安排同样是国际通行规则。欧盟依托多层级通用许可证、对低风险业务大幅简化审批流程,各国普遍对合规企业给予便利化政策。本次政策调整首次落地两用物项出口管制条例中以登记填报信息方式获得出口凭证的许可便利措施,同步适用针对无人机领域的通用许可,核心设计始终坚持权责对等:企业合规体系越完善、出口记录越好,享受的便利就越多;与之对应,获得便利的企业须接受更严格的事中事后监管。便利化不等于放松管制,而是推动监管重心从事前逐单审核,转向事前分类准入加事中事后监管,把有限行政资源从海量低风险业务中释放,集中处置真正的安全风险。

对产业而言,制度优化有助于稳定出口预期、缩短交付周期、降低合规成本。对全球经贸格局而言,是中国作为贸易大国以制度化便利维护全球产业链供应链稳定的重要举措。同时要看到,便利存在明确门槛:内部合规体系是申请通用许可、享受凭证便利的前提,物项准确归类、如实申报、做好最终用户与用途核查,是企业享受便利必须履行的责任。政策优化的最终指向,是让守法者通行无阻、让违法者寸步难行,实现管得住、放得开、服务好三者统一,才是与我国贸易大国地位相匹配的出口管制治理能力体现。

放眼长远,无人机产业技术迭代仍将持续演进,两用物项涉及的安全风险也会不断发展变化,出口管制的动态调整将成为长期制度常态。本次无人机措施优化调整,反映了中国政府坚定支持中国企业在民用领域开展合规贸易,同时反对无人机被违规用于非和平目的的重要立场。我国的出口管制会始终坚持统筹发展和安全,持续筑牢安全防线,同时有力护航无人机等产业高质量发展,这正是我国出口管制治理迈向现代化的生动体现。

(作者 商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院贸易与投资安全研究所所长、研究员 程慧)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 无人机出口管制将继续依托法定风险评估机制进行动态调整

    Likely · Within months

  • 登记填报方式获得出口凭证的便利措施将推广至更多低风险贸易场景

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 本次调整具体涉及哪些无人机型号或零部件?
  • 登记填报方式获得出口凭证的具体操作流程是什么?
  • 企业如何申请通用许可并满足合规要求?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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