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Back機器人伸出數字手掌索取小費,服務業未來將由你的選擇決定
機器人伸出數字手掌索取小費,服務業未來將由你的選擇決定
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BBC中文1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

機器人伸出數字手掌索取小費,服務業未來將由你的選擇決定

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在美國多家餐飲場所,機器人調酒師、咖啡師及服務員正主動索取小費,但法律尚未明確規範機器人小費的歸屬,專家警告可能成為企業剝削員工與顧客的新手段,而顧客的付費行為將決定此趨勢是成為新常態或僅為短暫現象。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美國小費制度允許企業支付較低基本工資,靠小費為生的員工基本工資僅為每小時2.13美元。近年來,數字支付系統主動提示小費的場合增多,消費者抱怨這是「情感勒索」。機器人在服務業中的應用逐漸增加,但法律尚未明確規範機器人小費的歸屬。

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作者,湯瑪斯·傑曼(Thomas Germain)

角色,BBC未來網(BBC Future)

發表於 16 分鐘前

閱讀時間: 3 分鐘

機器正伸出它們的數字手掌。你的反應,或將塑造服務業的未來。

如果你在拉斯維加斯威尼斯人酒店(Venetian Hotel)對老虎機提不起興趣,可以到一間名為「The Tipsy Robot」的酒吧找點樂子。那裡有個俗氣的噱頭:兩隻自動調製雞尾酒的機械臂。

我在屏幕上按下「瑪格麗特」,看著它們猛然動起來。它們把龍舌蘭酒與青檸汁和橙味利口酒調和在一起,還不必要地多轉了幾圈來炫技,最後微微一躬,把酒杯遞到我面前。這一切或許在 20 年前會令我驚嘆。如今,這幾乎已成陳腔濫調。

這杯飲料要價 17 美元(12.55 英鎊),但我發現賬單上還有一筆額外收費:10% 的「服務費」。Tipsy 想要小費。

這不是我第一次遇到這種事。在紐約的 Artly Coffee,一位類似的機器人咖啡師也曾向我索要小費。在紐瓦克自由國際機場,一台無人值守售貨亭的自助結賬機,在我買一瓶水時建議我給小費。在國家另一端的俄勒岡州波特蘭,緬甸餐廳 Top Burmese 由真人為我點餐,但晚餐卻是一台機器人侍應推著送來的。

對那位真人侍應,我很樂意給 20% 小費;但在其他場合,我猶豫了。當機器人伸出它們的數字手掌時,小費的規則就被拋諸腦後,而這筆錢最終歸誰,往往並不清楚。

但這是新常態,還是只是曇花一現的機器人狂熱?答案可能取決於你決定怎麼掏錢包。

The Tipsy Robot 和 Artly Coffee 的代表都表示,小費全數由人類員工平分,公司分文不取。Artly 甚至在我到訪之後,已經關閉了小費提示功能。然而,這些或許只是特例。事實上,一些專家告訴我,機器人小費可能是一場更大規模行動的一部分——目的是從員工和顧客身上榨取更多。

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「我們完全有理由相信,一些無良僱主正把給機器人的小費據為己有,」美國理海大學(Lehigh University)政治學副教授、《小費》(Gratuity)一書的共同作者霍洛娜・奧克斯(Holona Ochs)說。「關鍵問題是誰從中獲益,而誰在付出代價,」奧克斯說。

機器人的斂財之舉

自疫情以來,人們被索要小費的場合比以往任何時候都多,而且往往是由數字支付系統主動提示的。消費者抱怨這是一種「情感勒索」,而建議小費的百分比還在不斷攀升。儘管有些人嘲笑美國人「失控」的小費文化,但它正蔓延全球。

這種規範的轉變在美國尤為敏感,因為小費制度讓企業得以向員工支付更低的基本工資。美國的最低工資為每小時 7.25 美元(5.35 英鎊),但對靠小費為生的僱員而言,這個數字降至僅僅 2.13 美元(1.57 英鎊)。

在美國,當你給員工小費時,法律規定公司、老闆和主管都不能從中分一杯羹。但如果你給小費的對象是一台機器,法律上可能存在漏洞。

「機器人小費歸誰所有,尚未確立法律標準,」奧克斯說。

特朗普政府已令員工更難就小費問題提出申訴,而員工也可能因害怕報復而不敢聲張。「所以,如果僱主正在拿走給機器人的小費,我們幾乎無從得知,」她說——至少目前如此。

「很多時候,你可以看到有人在廚房或吧台後面工作,但那筆小費很可能進了公司的口袋。這方面沒有任何規定。」

這並不意味著自動化機器對服務業員工一定是壞事。在 The Tipsy Robot 和 Artly Coffee 這樣的地方,機器人的新鮮感正是賣點所在,因此與機器共事的人,本來也不會有這些工作崗位。

Artly 表示,關閉小費提示並為員工加薪的決定,部分是回應顧客對小費的投訴。Artly 內容總監阿比蓋爾・斯馬瑟斯(Abigail Smathers)說,部分門店現在設有實體小費罐,但 100% 的小費仍歸人類員工所有。「我們不相信以犧牲人類為代價、用自動化來節省成本。」

斯馬瑟斯說,服務業正面臨勞動力短缺,機器人可以在不取代人類的情況下提供幫助。不過,她承認人工智能正被部署在一些不屬於它的場合。

「但歸根結底,問題正出在這裡。這項技術本身並不邪惡,它的道德屬性取決於意圖和執行方式,」她說。「但我們正竭盡所能,帶著明確的意圖去開發、以誠信行事,確保這項技術的未來惠及多數人,而非少數人。」

美國密西西比大學研究酒店服務業技術的副教授卡特琳娜・別列津娜(Katerina Berezina)認為,這個行業應得到更多肯定。「我認為,認定這只是企業不惜一切代價賺錢的假設並不公平,」她說。

「小費或服務費,可能只是用來支付機器人所需的必要人力或維護更新的費用。」她說,給小費是這個行業的慣例,企業是在市場制約之下運作的。

另一方面,倡議組織「One Fair Wage」等則認為,機器人不過是企業延續低工資的做法,而低工資才是餐飲業勞動力短缺的真正原因。

無論各種因素如何角力,專家表示,未來取決於你和其他顧客如何回應我們眼下看到的這些實驗。

給,還是不給?

「想想人們給小費的主要動機,」美國康奈爾大學榮休教授、《小費心理學》(The Psychology of Tipping)一書作者邁克爾・林恩(Michael Lynn)說。

林恩說,我們給小費,往往是為了獎勵良好的服務,或是出於利他的考慮,彌補員工微薄的工資。當然,還有面子和認可的問題——「如果我不給小費,他們會討厭我,」他說。換句話說,我們感到有義務這麼做。

「這些理由幾乎全都不適用於機器人,所以顯然沒有理由給小費,」林恩說。

然而,人們可能還是照給不誤。在一項研究中,只有約 11% 的受訪者表示會給機器人調酒師小費。「但真正體驗過機器人調酒師的人,比其他人更願意給小費,」該研究的共同作者別列津娜(Berezina)說。

而且,儘管大多數人表示不會給機器人小費,但如果小費會落到人類員工手中,約有 42% 的人改變了主意。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 若顧客繼續為機器人服務支付小費且小費確實歸於員工,此做法將在服務業中擴散。

    Possible · Within months

  • 若證實僱主正在私吞機器人小費,將引發勞工權益團體的抗議和法律訴訟。

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 機器人小費最終是否會歸於僱主而非員工?
  • 法律是否會制定明確規範來禁止僱主私吞機器人小費?
  • 顧客是否會繼續對機器人服務支付小費,還是會拒絕此一趨勢?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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