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Back過敏可能在人生任何時刻突然出現,新冠病毒、抗生素、懷孕與蜱蟲叮咬皆可能成為誘因
過敏可能在人生任何時刻突然出現,新冠病毒、抗生素、懷孕與蜱蟲叮咬皆可能成為誘因
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BBC中文1 hour agoHealth3 min readChinaView translation

過敏可能在人生任何時刻突然出現,新冠病毒、抗生素、懷孕與蜱蟲叮咬皆可能成為誘因

Quick Look

過敏不僅限於童年,任何人在人生任何階段都可能因新冠病毒感染、抗生素使用、懷孕或蜱蟲叮咬等因素突然出現新過敏。研究顯示新冠病毒會增加過敏性鼻炎和哮喘風險,而疫苗則可降低風險;抗生素可能破壞腸道微生物群導致免疫系統混亂;懷孕和更年期的荷爾蒙波動也可能觸發過敏;被孤星蜱叮咬則可能引發α-半乳糖症候群,使人對紅肉過敏。雖然有些過敏如妊娠性鼻炎會在產後消失,但許多新過敏可能是永久性的,科學家正探索益生菌、疫苗和單劑抗體療法來重新訓練免疫系統。

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Why It Matters

過敏傳統上被認為是遺傳或早期生活決定的疾病,但近年研究顯示環境觸發因素如病毒感染、抗生素使用、荷爾蒙變化和蜱蟲叮咬也可能在成年後誘發新過敏。

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我們往往以為,過敏是童年時期,甚至出生前就已注定的倒霉體質。

然而,過敏及免疫科醫生凱利·科拉斯(Dr Kelly Colas)說:「任何人在人生任何階段,都可能出現新的過敏。」

過敏可以在人生任何時候突然出現,有時甚至到了成年很久之後才發作。

這些問題看似毫無預兆地冒出來,但隨着研究人員了解愈來愈多,他們發現了一些奇怪而出人意料、可能令人「患上」新過敏的途徑,從蜱蟲叮咬到荷爾蒙波動都有可能。

新冠病毒這個「開關」

有些人天生就有過敏的遺傳傾向。不過,美國伊利諾伊州西北大學(Northwestern University, Illinois)食物過敏及哮喘研究中心主任魯奇·古普塔(Ruchi Gupta)說:「這並不全是基因造成的。」很多時候,是「有某種東西把它打開了」。

其中一個這樣的「開關」就是新冠病毒(COVID-19)。感染新冠病毒可能在免疫系統留下印記,導致新的過敏症。

2026年的一項研究發現,感染新冠病毒,與其後患上過敏性鼻炎(俗稱「花粉症」)和哮喘的風險顯著增加有關。

研究共同作者之一、瑞典卡羅琳斯卡學院(Karolinska Institutet)皮膚科醫生菲利普·柯曼(Dr Philip Curman)解釋說:「感染(新冠病毒)會增加風險,而接種疫苗則會降低風險。」

他說,感染新冠病毒時,免疫系統可能反應過度,引發大量炎症,其中包括一種已知與過敏性疾病有關的炎症反應。

過往研究顯示,呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)這種兒童常見疾病,以及會引起感冒的鼻病毒,似乎也可能產生類似作用,至少在兒童身上如此。

古普塔解釋,在這些疾病之後出現過敏,有時就像是一種連帶損害,是生理上「在錯誤時間出現在錯誤地方」的例子。

她說:「如果你的免疫系統已經因為要對抗病毒而不勝負荷,這時身體又遇到某種食物或環境中的過敏原,免疫系統可能就會想:『現在這又是甚麼?乾脆全部清除掉吧。』」

「免疫系統的混亂」

諷刺的是,一些用來治療常見疾病的方法,同樣可能帶來意料之外的影響。例如,使用抗生素被發現與之後出現過敏的風險有關。

古普塔曾研究可能誘發過敏的因素。她說,其中一個原因可能是抗生素破壞了腸道微生物群的微妙平衡。腸道微生物群是生活在人類胃腸道內、數量龐大的細菌群落。

科學家對腸道微生物群仍有很多不了解的地方,但它似乎參與了人體健康的許多環節,包括免疫系統功能。

古普塔說,擾亂腸道微生物群可能會造成「免疫系統的混亂」,令本來無害的物質被錯誤歸類為必須消滅的威脅。

懷孕也是對免疫系統的一次重大改變,並可能對過敏產生一些意想不到的影響。華盛頓大學專門研究孕期過敏管理的過敏及免疫科醫生科拉斯說,大約三分之一原本已有環境過敏的女性,懷孕後會發現症狀加重。

此外還有一種稱為「妊娠性鼻炎」的現象,也就是原本從未有過敏的孕婦突然出現典型過敏症狀,例如打噴嚏、鼻塞和流鼻水。

科拉斯說,妊娠性鼻炎很可能並非真正的過敏,而是一種暫時性疾病,產生類似過敏的症狀。

其中一個重要分別是甚麼?這些症狀通常會在分娩後消失,而不是一直持續下去。

科拉斯說,為甚麼會出現這種情況「其實仍然非常不清楚」,但似乎與荷爾蒙波動有關。畢竟,女性生殖荷爾蒙雌激素和孕酮早已被證實會與免疫系統互相作用。

研究也顯示,女性踏入更年期後,也可能出現新的過敏,而更年期正是另一個荷爾蒙大幅變化的階段。

科拉斯說:「這些荷爾蒙幾乎甚麼都做得到。」

藏在草叢裏的過敏風險

孤星蜱(lone star tick)原生於北美洲,但隨着氣候變暖,正擴散到世界其他地區。被這種蛛形綱動物叮咬,也可能成為另一個令人意外的過敏誘因,尤其可能令人對紅肉產生過敏反應。

2007年,托馬斯·普拉茨—米爾斯(Thomas Platts-Mills)到倫敦旅行期間,享用了一頓豐盛的羊排配法國葡萄酒晚餐,之後回酒店準備好好睡一覺。

他說:「我凌晨2:30分醒來。到了3時,我已經全身都是蕁麻疹。」

普拉茨—米爾斯是美國弗吉尼亞大學(University of Virginia)的醫學和微生物學教授,他恰好具備理解這種奇怪情況所需的專業知識。

當時,他的實驗室正深入研究一個醫學謎團。他的團隊試圖了解,為甚麼美國有一批多年來一直甚麼肉都吃的人,突然開始對紅肉過敏。

普拉茨—米爾斯已提出一個假說:這種奇怪的過敏似乎會在被蜱蟲叮咬後出現。而他自己的經歷進一步印證了這個想法。

幾個月前,他遠足後身上沾滿蜱蟲幼蟲,並遭牠們叮咬。之後的血液檢查顯示,他體內與過敏有關的抗體水平很高。如今,一頓羊肉晚餐又令他全身起蕁麻疹。

普拉茨—米爾斯這次不幸的過敏反應,協助他的團隊界定了今天所稱的「α-半乳糖症候群」(α-Gal syndrome;紅肉過敏症)。

蜱蟲的唾液中可能帶有一種稱為α-Gal的糖分子。大多數哺乳類動物,包括人類食用的牛、豬和羊,都會自然產生這種分子。

然而,普拉茨—米爾斯解釋,人類「大約在1000萬年前已失去產生它的能力」。

這意味著,當一個人因蜱蟲叮咬而接觸到α-Gal時,其免疫系統可能把它視為威脅,並作出相應反應。

普拉茨—米爾斯說:「所有非靈長類動物都成了你的敵人。」

當這個人之後再次接觸α-Gal,例如吃下一個多汁的漢堡包時,就可能出現過敏症狀,包括蕁麻疹、腫脹和腸胃不適。

隨着孤星蜱從原本主要分布的美國東南部擴散到全國其他地區,美國確診α-半乳糖症候群的人數正在迅速增加。

美國政府數據顯示,單在2017年至2022年間,就有超過9萬人確診。

突然出現的過敏能醫治嗎?

妊娠性鼻炎(pregnancy rhinitis)通常會在孩子出生後消退,但許多突然出現過敏的人並沒有那麼幸運。

無論是在生病後、被蜱蟲叮咬後,還是看似毫無原因地突然出現,新的過敏都可能是永久性的。

無論你對花粉還是花生、塵埃還是狗過敏,背後大致都是同一個過程:身體把本來應該無害的物質當成危險的外來入侵者,因而大量產生抗體,也就是一類免疫蛋白。

當免疫系統啟動反應後,就可能出現流鼻水、眼睛發癢等症狀,嚴重時甚至可能引發危及生命的過敏性休克。

古普塔解釋:「你的免疫系統已經認定某種物質是有害的,並針對它產生抗體。之後每次身體再接觸到它,就會發動攻擊。」

如果成年後才出現的過敏有較明確的成因,例如患病引起的炎症,或服用一個療程抗生素後腸道微生物群發生變化,研究也提供了一些線索,顯示這些損害至少可能在一定程度上得到預防或逆轉。

例如,古普塔建議服用抗生素的人,同時攝取益生菌、益生元、乳酪和發酵食品,這些食物都有助維持腸道微生物群的健康和多樣性。

研究人員也在研究其他重新訓練免疫系統、令人體克服過敏的方法。

這些仍處於實驗階段的方法包括疫苗,希望能教導免疫系統以較克制的方式回應過敏原,就像疫苗能讓身體做好對抗病毒的準備,同時避免免疫反應失控。

另一種正在研究的是單劑療法,目標是直接向人體提供能夠阻截過敏原的抗體。

古普塔說,目前仍沒有百分之百可靠的方法可以逆轉新出現的過敏,但未來的前景令人樂觀。

她說:「我研究食物過敏已經20年了。現在看到這麼多進展,真的是一個非常令人振奮的時刻。」

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未來幾年將有更多針對腸道微生物群的干預措施被臨床驗證用於預防或治療新發過敏

    Likely · Within years

  • 針對α-半乳糖症候群的單劑抗體療法將進入更廣泛的臨床試驗階段

    Possible · Within years

Open Questions

  • 為何有些人在新冠病毒感染後發展過敏而其他人則不會?
  • 益生菌和飲食干預在預防抗生素誘發過敏方面的長期效果如何?
  • 單劑抗體療法在臨床試驗中的具體進展和安全性如何?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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