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Back通膨壓力下日本寺院興起投資潮 住持米田弘教靠投資補足維修費
通膨壓力下日本寺院興起投資潮 住持米田弘教靠投資補足維修費
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

通膨壓力下日本寺院興起投資潮 住持米田弘教靠投資補足維修費

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受歷史性通膨推動,日本寺院因維護費用上漲和信眾減少,開始將捐款投資於美債、房地產投資信託基金及股票等資產。住持米田弘教透過投資年報酬率超過10%,部分支付約2500萬日圓維修費,並擴大翻修規模。文章指出佛教人口下降約14%,半數寺院年收入不到400萬日圓,傳統收入來源如葬禮受疫情影響縮減,僧侶在維持寺院存續與戒律間面臨道德困境,曹洞宗等宗派亦利用負利率時代結束後的高殖利率投資日本公債及JICA債券,非營利組織持有公司債券規模達5兆日圓。

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Why It Matters

日本寺院面臨維護費用上漲和信眾減少的雙重壓力,傳統依賴葬禮和墓地維護的收入來源因疫情後喪葬支出減少而縮減,佛教人口過去二十年下降約14%,半數寺院年收入不到400萬日圓,住持常需兼任其他工作以維持生計。

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通膨壓力下,日本各地寺院興起投資潮。(美聯社資料照)

〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕在歷史性通膨的推動下,資產管理產業的繁榮正悄悄蔓延至日本各地寺院,宗教團體間正興起投資熱潮。由於難以負擔百年寺院的維護費用,北海道一個小鎮的第5代住持米田弘教(Koukyo Yoneta)選擇了一條他的前輩們想都不敢想的道路,與其等待信眾補足資金缺口,不如將已經取得的捐款進行投資。

2年內,米田持有的美國公債、日本房地產投資信託基金以及比亞迪、現代汽車等股票投資,年報酬率超過10%,幫助他支付了約2500萬日圓(約新台幣518萬元)維修費用的一部份。這筆額外的資金甚至讓他得以擴大翻修規模,超越了最初的計畫。

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米田過去曾任職於大和證券集團(Daiwa Securities Group),是一名精通金融的住持,他也和其他寺院人員一樣,為了維持生計而轉向金融市場。要維護這些華麗木造建築的成本近年飛漲,而過去20年間,年長的信徒逝世,大城市年輕族群減少宗教活動,日本的佛教人口下降約14%。

現年46歲的米田,2018年從父親手中繼承了金剛寺,曾從事金融工作的米田表示,自己非常感激這些投資有好的回報。並稱,隨著殯葬業務萎縮,愈來愈多的寺院會發現,他們不能只靠信徒捐款來滿足資金需求,他們必須建立儲備金並進行投資。

信眾人數減少正在明顯影響寺院的財政收入,根據日本最大佛教團體之一的淨土真宗本願寺派2021年對7000座寺院進行的調查顯示,約有半數寺院年收入不到400萬日圓(約新台幣82.9萬元)。這種情況在鄉村地區格外嚴重,因為住持通常需要管理多座寺院,同時也要兼任教師或公務員等其他工作。

傳統上,葬禮和墓地維護是寺院的主要收入來源,因為家屬會為了更隆重的儀式支付高額費用。然而,自疫情爆發後,人們開始減少喪葬支出,隨著通膨導致家庭日常支出增加,這種趨勢仍在持續。一些受遊客歡迎的寺院會收取門票,但多數寺院缺乏其他收入來源。

對一些僧侶來說,透過漲價或是投資來彌補不斷上漲的成本,產生了一個道德困境,因為佛教的原則要求他們擺脫貪婪。

以奈良大安寺為例,這座寺院大部份資產仍以現金形式持有,目前約有10%資產投資於外幣計價的保險產品,以獲得更高的利息回報。副住持河野裕韶(Yusho Kono)表示,他們的投資風格是「純粹的防禦型」,以避免與教義產生任何衝突。

河野坦言,立場本身就存在矛盾,原則上,僧侶不應該從事營利活動,但如果現在不採取行動,寺院可能不復存在。大安寺販售的傳統御守生產成本在過去2年內大幅上漲。

僧侶態度的轉變凸顯出持續通膨對於已經習慣物價穩定的傳統機構帶來的壓力,SMBC日興證券(SMBC Nikko Securities)企業投資策略部門資深研究員河田剛(Tsuyoshi Kawata)表示,寺院向信徒收取更多服務費用的能力有限,這更凸顯了資產管理的重要性。在整體市場萎縮的情況下,漲價並不容易,讓現金閒置可能也不再可行,他們會想辦法增加收入,那怕只是略微增加。

負利率時代結束後債殖利率上升,這也為厭惡風險的宗教人士們提供了舒適的投資環境,在日本全國約有1萬5000座寺院的曹洞宗,一直在利用更高的殖利率。在其管理的8個帳戶中,總額約130億日圓(約新台幣26.9億元),其中約10%投資於計畫持有至到期的日本政府公債,另外2%投資於日本國際協力機構(JICA)所發行用於資助新興經濟體發展的債券。

宗教團體、學校和其他非營利組織正逐漸成為固定收益產品的主要買家,根據日本央行數據顯示,截至3月,包括學校和宗教機構在內的非營利組織持有價值5兆日圓(約新台幣1.03兆元)的公司債券,約為2023年預計持有量的2倍,同期日本公債持有量也從2.5兆日圓(約新台幣5182.5億元)增加至2.9兆日圓(約新台幣6011.7億元)。

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What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 更多寺院將效法米田弘教的做法,增加資產管理和投資比例以應對財政壓力。

    Likely · Within months

  • 非營利組織持有公司債券的規模將繼續增長,特別是在負利率時代結束後。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 寺院投資是否會引發監機構關注?
  • 長期來看,投資收益是否能穩定補足寺院財政缺口?
  • 僧侶在投資活動中如何平衡戒律與現實需求?
  • 其他國家的宗教機構是否有類似應對通膨的投資趨勢?

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