数万只候鸟集结准备跨越山海,吉林全力护航候鸟迁徙
吉林镇赉莫莫格国家级自然保护区迎来越冬候鸟大规模南迁的收官阶段。随着气温下降水面封冻,白鹤、大雁等最后梯队候鸟完成储能与编队演练后将启程南飞,当地也持续开展野生动物救护与全链条管护工作。
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莫莫格国家级自然保护区位于吉林白城镇赉县,是“东亚—澳大利西亚”候鸟迁徙通道上的重要驿站。
眼下,正值越冬候鸟大规模迁徙季。每年,在“东亚—澳大利西亚”候鸟迁徙通道上,数千万只候鸟跨越山海、往返迁徙。位于吉林白城镇赉县的莫莫格国家级自然保护区,是这条国际迁徙廊道上重要的“驿站”之一。当前,莫莫格苇浪鎏金、碧水澄澈,最后一批候鸟在这里补给能量、整装待发,准备向南迁徙。
总台记者要越介绍,在吉林镇赉的莫莫格国家级自然保护区中,国家一级保护野生动物白鹤活动的痕迹随处可见。地面上面大小交错的爪印,是白鹤、灰鹤等鹤类动物活动留下的痕迹,旁边还有候鸟自然脱落的羽毛,这些细节也印证着近期有大量鹤类在此活动过。
水面逐步封冻 南迁候鸟陆续启程
这几天,保护区工作人员多次观测到大规模“鸟浪”景观。数万只大雁集群升空、同步转向、错落有致地起降,如同流动的云层,场面壮观。在候鸟迁徙序列中,雁类、鹤类是南迁队伍里最后出发的主力梯队。它们大规模集结起飞,也标志着今年的候鸟迁徙已进入收官阶段。
为什么是这个时间候鸟南飞?藨草的根茎是白鹤等候鸟的主要食物来源,这段时间,东北气温快速下降,现在水塘已有大约10厘米厚的稳定冰层,因此,对白鹤这类依赖浅水湿地的候鸟来说,赖以生存的水环境与天然食源也逐渐匮乏。那么,这个时候候鸟南飞的时间也就到了。
南飞之前 白鹤如何开启“飞行马拉松”
从吉林的莫莫格到长江中下游鄱阳湖的越冬地,白鹤单程迁徙距离接近3000公里,可以说是一场高空“飞行马拉松”。
南迁前夕的白鹤会进入高强度储能模式。在平时,白鹤只在早晚集中觅食,而迁徙倒计时阶段,它们会全天不间断觅食,大量摄入藨草根茎,藨草根茎淀粉含量高,能帮助白鹤快速囤积脂肪、补充长途飞行所需能量,“贴贴秋膘”。一些幼鸟还不太会从结了薄冰的水面当中去寻找食物,成年的白鹤还会教幼鸟该怎么觅食。
除了“贴秋膘”,白鹤还会在起飞之前进行“起飞预演”以及“编队演练”。简单来说,就是在它们完成储能工作之后,会等待合适的风向和上升气流。在这当中,候鸟会时不时扑棱翅膀热身,同时,低空盘旋感受风向和风速。通过反复试飞和编队演练,为接下来的长途迁徙找到合适的节奏,调整好状态。
等到合适的上升气流出现时,有一只领头鹤率先升空,最开始的高度可能是盘旋在十几米,通过反复、不断地盘旋升空,高度会来到大约几百米,而其余的鹤群也会分批依次加入,直到最终形成一支稳定的迁徙编队。南迁过程中,鹤群会形成很多个小队结伴飞行、相互护卫,直到完成这次漫长而艰险的南迁旅程。
南飞候鸟最后梯队准备出发
莫莫格湿地核心区内,最后一批候鸟也基本完成储能的工作,整装待发。在整个秋天,今年的莫莫格湿地一共停歇候鸟超过35万只,白鹤、灰鹤、白琵鹭、东方白鹳等珍稀候鸟齐聚于此。它们从这里出发飞越华北,跨过长江,最后来到温暖的南方越冬家园。
全链条管护模式
为候鸟迁徙保驾护航
候鸟迁徙过程中,鸟类容易因意外受伤、感染疾病或体力透支等情况导致落单、滞留。为此,救助人员会通过专业诊疗、分区养护、野化训练、追踪监测的全链条管护模式,救助并助力这些落单候鸟重返迁徙队伍。这段时间,吉林省野生动物救护繁育中心就收治了落单候鸟。
这只受伤的白琵鹭是吉林省野生动物救护繁育中心近期收治的。它是在迁徙途经长春境内时,不慎磕碰树枝造成翅膀飞羽受损,无法正常飞行,被迫脱离迁徙种群,滞留当地。辖区巡护人员发现后,将它移交到这里接受专业救治。
吉林省野生动物救护繁育中心副主任王海军:当时来的时候,它是体质非常弱。检测了它的血常规和生化,还拍摄了DR(数字化X线摄影),没有骨折。右侧翅膀初级飞羽的地方出血、初级飞羽缺失。
工作人员对它进行了抗炎治疗、消毒护理和体能恢复调理,持续监测飞羽生长状态。待其羽翼完全修复、体能指标达标后,将会进行标准化野化训练,评估合格后放归自然。
据了解,每到迁徙季,这样的救护任务大幅增加。目前,吉林省野生动物救护繁育中心常年管护野生动物70余种、千余头(只),涵盖丹顶鹤、白琵鹭、东方白鹳等多种国家一、二级保护物种。当它们生命体征平稳后,都会转入专属野化训练区域。工作人员还会根据不同鸟类的栖息习性、飞行特点、觅食能力,量身制定野化康复方案。
这两只受伤的红交嘴雀,在完成康复救治与野化训练工作后,10日顺利实现了野外放归。在放归前,工作人员还会对重点保护的鸟类个体佩戴卫星定位跟踪器、金属环志及彩色标志环,实现放归后持续追踪监测。

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