
中央氣象署地震測報中心主任吳健富表示,2024年4月3日花蓮規模7.2地震發生約9秒後,氣象署即發出第一波國家級警報,利用P波與S波傳遞速度差趕在強烈震波抵達前預警。儘管遠離震央地區可獲數秒至數十秒應變時間,但震央附近仍存在預警盲區。氣象署已調整警報發布條件,擴大預警涵蓋範圍。
AI-generated summary
中央氣象署利用地震波傳遞速度差進行地震速報,以在強烈震波抵達前發布警報,提供民眾應變時間。2024年4月3日花蓮規模7.2地震是最近一次顯著的強震事件。
地震發生後,最快多久能發布國家級警報?中央氣象署地震測報中心主任吳健富表示,以2024年4月3日花蓮規模7.2地震為例,地震發生約9秒後,氣象署就發出第一波國家級警報,與強烈震波賽跑,讓部分地區民眾有機會在劇烈搖晃前,爭取數秒至數十秒應變時間。不過,距離震央太近的地區,可能還來不及收到警報就已開始搖晃。
吳健富在氣象實務研習班說明,地震發生後,會先傳出速度較快、通常破壞力較小的P波,再來才是速度較慢、通常造成較強搖晃的S波。地震速報就是利用兩種震波的傳遞速度差,在測站偵測到P波後,快速分析震源位置、規模及各地預估震度,趕在強烈震波抵達前發布警報。
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吳健富強調,地震速報並不是「地震預測」,而是在地震已經發生後,利用科技與震波賽跑。由於系統需要蒐集測站資料並進行運算,震央附近可能存在「預警盲區」,民眾收到警報時,強烈搖晃可能已經開始;距離震央較遠的地區,則有機會取得較長的預警時間。
以0403花蓮地震為例,當天上午7時58分9.9秒發生規模7.2地震,氣象署於7時58分18秒發出第一波國家級警報,通知花蓮、宜蘭、南投及彰化4縣市;7時58分24秒再向台中、苗栗、新竹縣、雲林、嘉義縣市、台南及台東等8縣市發送警報。
不過,0403花蓮地震也凸顯強震即時警報的技術挑戰。氣象署當時說明,地震預警系統先後預估規模6.2及6.8,低於後續測報的7.2,導致部分地區預估震度偏低,未達國家級警報發布門檻。氣象署後續檢討調整發布條件,自2024年9月起,新增預估規模6.5以上、預估震度3級以上的警報發布條件,擴大預警涵蓋範圍。
吳健富表示,台灣持續擴充地震觀測網、改善地震測報技術,希望縮短速報作業時間。強震即時警報透過災防告警細胞廣播訊息(PWS)等管道傳遞,但警報發布時間不等於每支手機實際收到的時間,仍可能受到訊息傳遞等因素影響。
他提醒,地震速報的目的不是預知地震何時發生,而是在地震發生後盡快提供預警。即使只有短短幾秒,民眾仍應立即採取「趴下、掩護、穩住」的防震動作,降低受傷風險。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
隨著地震觀測網擴充和技術改善,地震速報作業時間將進一步縮短。
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