研究团队成功实现丙烯及乙烯的无金属、无配体羰基化反应,并揭示了分子筛孔道限域效应的催化规律
中国科学院大连化物所刘中民院士团队在分子筛催化领域取得突破,实现无金属、无配体参与的丙烯及乙烯羰基化反应,揭示了分子筛孔道结构对催化反应的精准控制规律,为绿色化工提供新路径。
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羰基化反应是现代化学工业的基础,传统工艺高度依赖贵金属催化剂,存在成本高、分离难等问题。分子筛作为一种多孔晶体材料,此前已被证明可用于二甲醚羰基化反应。
中新网北京10月21日电 (记者 孙自法)有现代化学工业“基本功”之誉的羰基化反应,发展至今已有百余年历史,但工业上主流方法依然依赖铑、铱等贵金属及有机配体修饰,存在体系复杂、流程繁琐、成本高昂以及催化剂与产物分离困难等挑战,这些难题如何破解在学术界、产业界广受关注。
来自中国科学院大连化学物理研究所(大连化物所)的消息说,该所刘中民院士团队继2017年成功将分子筛应用于催化二甲醚羰基化反应、实现无水乙醇的大规模工业化生产之后,通过多年持续攻关,最近又与合作者另辟蹊径,在分子筛催化领域取得创新突破,推动羰基化反应“百年老树发新枝”。
该研发成果不用金属,不用配体,让分子筛“独自”完成催化,就实现了水参与的分子筛催化丙烯羰基化制异丁酸、乙烯羰基化制丙酸两个新的反应。同时,研究团队还从中发现基础规律——分子筛孔道的“门”在哪里、“门”多大,都会影响催化的反应。
这一化工领域重要催化研发成果论文,北京时间10月21日夜间在国际学术期刊《自然》(Nature)上线发表。
该研究为后续构建能够反向预测和理性设计新过程的普适性的分子筛催化羰基化通用框架,提供了坚实的底层逻辑支撑。
“这项研究本身,也是一次有组织的基础研究的生动践行,问题从实践中来,答案向工业中去。”刘中民院士表示,沿着这条链条,研究团队将把实验室里的反应推向工艺放大,让分子筛羰基化真正走进工厂,为未来含氧化合物等各类高端化学品及新材料的高效、绿色制备打开更广阔的空间。
研究团队介绍,从醋酸、增塑剂醇,到香料与医药中间体,一条条产业链都搭建在羰基化反应上面。简单来说,羰基化反应是将一氧化碳“嫁接”到烯烃分子上,生成酸、酯、醇类化合物的过程。
分子筛是一种多孔、有序的晶体材料,孔道尺寸精确到分子级别,具有精准的孔道筛选能力,能将形状和尺寸不合适的分子“挡”在门外,因此在石油炼制、气体分离和绿色化工中发挥着不可替代的作用。
研究团队9年前将分子筛成功应用于催化二甲醚羰基化反应的意义,不仅多了一条绿色制乙醇的路线,还表明分子筛不只在化工装置里扮演“筛分子”的角色,它本身也可以是一种出色的催化剂。
受此工业化路径启发,研究团队开始思考是否能用分子筛催化更多的羰基化反应,并且能否从具体的反应里,提炼出一套通用的理论框架。
经过近3年攻关,研究团队巧妙利用分子筛的限域效应,成功实现两个分子筛催化的新反应:水参与的丙烯羰基化生成异丁酸及乙烯羰基化生成丙酸,反应过程不需要金属,也不需要有机配体。
研究团队发现,分子筛的限域带来多重“福利”:它在推动烯烃羰基化顺利进行的同时,还完美抑制了烯烃聚合的副反应;作为固体催化剂,分子筛与产物天然分处两相,分离回收远比液相体系简便,恰好补了传统路线产物难分离的短板。
更值得关注的是,研究团队从两个新反应中发现了基本规律:选择不同的孔道限域位点,能够催化完全不同的反应过程:十元环孔口附近的活性位点可以催化丙烯,而八元环的活性位点则可以催化乙烯。
研究团队表示,这种精准的活性位点匹配机制,不仅像“精密开关”一样实现对底物分子特异性识别,打破传统催化剂依赖金属或配体调控的固有思维,还证明孔道微环境本身就能作为控制反应路径的“核心密码”,反应的选择性催化不再只能靠反复调配方“碰”出来,而是可以由孔道的几何结构预先“定制”。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
研究团队将推动实验室反应向工艺放大阶段转化。
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