
聯合國大會近期通過決議,將逐步淘汰使用超過450年的傳統麥卡托投影世界地圖,改採能真實反映各洲面積比例的新版「等積地球投影」世界地圖,以修正長期的視覺偏差。
聯合國大會近期通過決議,將淘汰使用超過450年的傳統麥卡托投影地圖,改採能真實還原各大洲真實面積比例的「等積地球投影」新版世界地圖,以修正長期對高緯度地區與非洲等地的視覺比例偏差。
AI-generated summary
傳統地圖採用1569年製圖學家繪製的麥卡托投影法,極度誇大高緯度區域並縮小赤道附近陸地。
從小在教室、電視甚至Google Maps上看到的世界地圖,可能徹底誤導了你對地球的認知。聯合國大會近期通過「更正地圖」決議,宣布將逐步淘汰使用超過450年的傳統地圖,改採能真實反映各洲面積比例的新版「等積地球投影」(Equal Earth map)世界地圖。
根據《BBC》報導,我們習以為常的傳統地圖,是1569年由製圖學家繪製的「麥卡托投影法」(Mercator)。這張地圖最大的問題,在於極度誇大高緯度區域、同時縮小了赤道附近的陸地。像是格陵蘭與非洲,在舊版地圖上兩者看起來大小相當;但現實中,非洲面積高達格陵蘭的14倍;歐洲與北美洲在地圖上的面積則被嚴重放大,長期以來在視覺上建立了「高緯度國家更龐大、更重要」的認知偏見。
不過,麥卡托當初並非畫錯,而是為了海事導航所做的妥協。麥卡托地圖能保持正確的指南針方位角與直線航行,卻付出了面積嚴重失真的代價。其實,除了上述2種地圖,還有彼得斯地圖(Peters map)、方位等距投影(Azimuthal equidistant projection)地圖等,多年來,許多人試圖解決將球體表面精準呈現於平面的難題,但各種方法皆有其利弊。
為了修正歷史偏差,聯合國決議正式採用2018年開發的等積地球投影地圖。這張新版地圖的核心突破在於還原真實陸地比例,讓非洲、南美洲與東南亞等長期被「縮小」的區域,重新展現真實的佔地規模。
各式地圖優點比一比
麥卡托地圖(舊版主流)優點:方位角與角度精準,能劃出真實航向直線。多為航海圖、Google Maps導航使用。缺點:越靠近兩極面積放大越嚴重,比例徹底失真。
等積投影地圖(新版採納)優點:真實呈現陸地面積與比例,視覺較公平。缺點:邊緣形狀有微幅扭曲,無法用於導航或測量距離。
彼得斯地圖優點:面積比例完全精準,保留經緯線直角。缺點:地貌被嚴重拉長或壓扁(如極地變扁、赤道拉長)。
方位等距投影地圖優點:地圖上所有點與中心點之間的距離均保持正確的按比例距離,且所有點相對於中心點的方向(方位角)也是正確的。它相當於球體上的指數映射,同時也為聯合國旗幟使用。缺點:越外圍(接近南極)的陸地扭曲拉伸越嚴重。
肯亞地理學家米溫多(Kioko Muendo)直言:「地圖不只是旅行者的指南,更塑造了全球對各區域的政治與經濟印象。」舊地圖長期縮小非洲,無形中貶低了該區龐大的資源、人口與商業投資潛力。這場由聯合國發起的「地圖革命」,或許不僅是在課本換掉一張圖,更是要在全球大眾的心目中,重建一個比例更加平等、真實的世界觀。

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