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Back早期症状易误诊 这两类血液肿瘤专挑中老年人“下手”
早期症状易误诊 这两类血液肿瘤专挑中老年人“下手”
Health
中国新闻网2 hours agoHealth7 min readChinaView translation

早期症状易误诊 这两类血液肿瘤专挑中老年人“下手”

多发性骨髓瘤和骨髓增生异常肿瘤发病率上升,症状隐蔽易误诊

Quick Look

值此全国敬老月之际,医疗专家提醒公众警惕多发性骨髓瘤和骨髓增生异常肿瘤这两类高发于中老年人的血液肿瘤。这两种肿瘤症状隐蔽,常被误认为是衰老现象,但近年来发病率显著上升,目前已成为可防可治的恶性肿瘤。

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Why It Matters

多发性骨髓瘤和骨髓增生异常肿瘤是源于骨髓病变的血液肿瘤,高发于50岁以上人群,早期症状隐蔽。

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本月是全国敬老月,来关注两类专挑中老年人“下手”的血液肿瘤。

大家一般对于血液肿瘤的认识就是白血病、淋巴瘤,但有两类专挑中老年人“下手”、极易被误诊漏诊的血液肿瘤——多发性骨髓瘤和骨髓增生异常肿瘤。这两类血液肿瘤的症状非常隐蔽,可能只是腰疼或者贫血。虽然知晓率不高,但数据显示,这两种肿瘤近三十年发病率增长趋势显著。其中多发性骨髓瘤近三十年发病率涨幅超170%,是我国发病率第二的血液系统恶性肿瘤,高于白血病。

这两种血液肿瘤都是源于人体造血核心的骨髓发生病变,破坏人体正常造血功能,但发病机制,核心病变不同。

·多发性骨髓瘤发生在骨髓里的浆细胞,浆细胞是免疫系统的“卫士”,负责产生抗体、抵抗感染,一旦异常增殖,恶性浆细胞就会侵占骨髓空间、侵蚀骨骼、分泌异常蛋白损伤全身脏器。

·骨髓增生异常肿瘤是造血干细胞发生恶性转变,形成异常克隆,产出的血细胞发育畸形、功能缺失,挤占了正常细胞的地盘,让骨髓这个“造血工厂”停工,下游的红细胞、白细胞、血小板就都供应不上,以全血细胞减少为核心特征。

早期症状易误诊,这些表现要警惕。

多发性骨髓瘤和骨髓增生异常肿瘤高发群体为50岁以上人群,且年龄越大,发病风险、病情严重程度越高。容易被误诊的重要原因之一,就是很多症状比如腰疼、贫血常常被误认为是正常衰老的现象,即使反反复复也常常是去骨科、肾内科就诊,很少想到这是血液的问题。

两种血液肿瘤有大量相似的初期症状,共同的预警信号:

·一是持续性顽固贫血,患者普遍出现长期乏力、面色苍白、头晕气短、嗜睡疲惫等症状,休息、食补、普通补血治疗长期无效。

·二是免疫力持续下降,患者反复感冒、频繁呼吸道感染、口腔炎症、皮肤感染,且感染恢复速度远慢于普通人。

在贫血和免疫力下降之外,其中多发性骨髓瘤还有一个特异的身体信号,癌变的浆细胞会打破成骨细胞和破骨细胞的平衡,让骨头拆得比建得快,骨质变脆、变疏松。

北京大学血液病研究所副所长张晓辉表示:“这种病骨质破坏引起持续性的腰背部的疼痛,胸骨、肋骨的疼痛,四肢骨的疼痛,无外伤的诱因,常常被误诊为骨质的疏松,腰肌劳损了等等,严重的会发生骨折,病理性的骨折,这时候得到确诊了。”

不过,有这些表现,也不代表一定得了血液肿瘤,也别自己吓自己。

·记住“持续不缓解、对症无改善、多项症状叠加”三大原则,单项症状持续超1个月,立即排查;

·中老年同时出现贫血+骨痛+反复感染,优先排查多发性骨髓瘤;

·同时出现贫血+出血+白细胞偏低,重点排查骨髓增生异常肿瘤。

血液肿瘤会遗传吗?致病原因是什么?

多发性骨髓瘤和骨髓增生异常肿瘤等中老年高发的血液肿瘤会不会遗传给下一代?是哪些原因造成的?

北京大学血液病研究所副所长张晓辉指出:“目前临床研究也证实,这种疾病的核心发病机制是年龄相关的造血细胞基因的突变,大家绝对不要有家族必发病这个概念,家里人发病我就会得这个病,这概念是不存在的,大家不要恐慌,更不要焦虑。虽然不存在直接的遗传基因,但也存在着轻微的家族史易感的倾向,所以直系亲属多发性骨髓瘤,其他的淋巴造血系统疾病的一些恶性肿瘤患者的人群,发病的风险比普通人稍微高一点,但是风险幅度是非常低的。”

专家建议,如果家中有中老年人患上这两种血液肿瘤,子女不用过度焦虑,不需要做骨髓穿刺;正常体检,做好血常规、肝肾功能常规筛查即可,高危因素主要还是高龄、长期接触放射线、有害化学物质接触、长期大量吸烟等。

骨髓源性的血液肿瘤能治愈吗?

在大众印象中,一旦确诊血液肿瘤,往往等同于“不治之症”。尤其是多发性骨髓瘤、骨髓增生异常肿瘤,公众认知度低、早期隐匿、病程长,以前被不少患者视作“终极绝症”,实际上目前这两种肿瘤已经成为高度可治、部分可临床治愈的恶性肿瘤。

上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院血液内科主任糜坚青表示:“从原来最简单的化疗,到后面出现了单纯的免疫治疗,再到后面相应的靶向治疗,这些治疗也能够逐步让病人的生存率得以提高,通过长期合理的管理与随访,大多数病人生存期能够到近十年,甚至能到20年,成为一个长期的、慢性的疾病,甚至有部分病人最后得到治愈。”

Open Questions

  • 未来是否有针对该类肿瘤的更有效早期筛查手段?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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