
科学家通过四分之一个世纪的研究发现,“超级老人”不仅大脑体积更大,其独特的大脑细胞与外向性格也帮助他们抵抗了认知衰退。
西北大学科学家发表新综述论文总结25年研究,发现80岁以上的“超级老人”通过保持积极社交活动与外向性格,成功抵抗了年龄相关的认知衰退,其大脑体积更接近五六十岁的人。
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西北大学科学家自2000年起对80岁及以上、记忆力优异的“超级老人”群体进行追踪研究。
91岁的纳粹大屠杀幸存者拉尔夫·雷博克把日程排得很满。每月第一个星期五,他都会和一群老大爷在芝加哥郊外的一座犹太会堂参加MEL(“享受休闲的男士”首字母缩写)聚会。每周五下午,他与俱乐部演唱组合“梅尔音调”(Meltones)一起表演20世纪30年代和40年代的经典曲目。多年来,通过在伊利诺伊州大屠杀博物馆与教育中心的工作,他还向数千名学童讲述了自己逃离纳粹德国的经历。
82岁的利·斯坦曼把大部分时间用于与住在他芝加哥街区的孩子们一起开展艺术项目,以及观看小熊队在瑞格利球场的比赛——球场离他家只有一个街区。斯坦曼退休前在体育场做了17年保安,新冠疫情开始时退休(他之前的职业是广告文案)。但夏天他仍然每周步行过去三四次,看望以前的同事和棒球同好。
雷博克和斯坦曼都被认为是“超级老人”,即80岁及以上、记忆与比自己年轻二三十岁的人相当的人。西北大学的科学家自2000年以来一直在研究这个非凡群体,希望发现他们是如何避免与年龄相关的典型认知衰退,以及避免阿尔茨海默病等更严重记忆障碍的。周四发表的一篇新综述论文总结了四分之一个世纪的研究发现。
超级老人是一个多样的群体,并没有什么共通的神奇饮食、锻炼方案或药物。但真正将他们联系在一起的是“他们如何看待社交关系的重要性”,从一开始就参与这项研究的西北大学范伯格医学院精神病学与行为科学教授桑德拉·温特劳布说。“在个性方面,他们都偏外向。”
这并不让神经科学家本·赖因感到意外,他是即将出版的《为什么大脑需要朋友:社交联系的神经科学》(Why Brains Need Friends: The Neuroscience of Social Connection)一书的作者。
“社交更多的人随着年龄增长对认知衰退的抵抗力更强,”赖因说。他还说,他们“通常有更大的大脑”。
研究人员认为,这可能是因为社交活动有助于防止因年龄增长和孤立而发生的大脑体积萎缩。孤独感在老年人中尤其常见,会提高压力荷尔蒙皮质醇的水平,而如果皮质醇长期处于高位,就可能导致慢性炎症,从而反过来损伤脑细胞,甚至增加失智风险。
通过在晚年保持更多社交,超级老人可能避免了一部分萎缩。新论文中包含的一项分析支持了这一点:超级老人的大脑体积往往更接近五六十岁的人,而不是与他们同龄的八九十岁老人。
另一个显著差异是,超级老人的大脑往往拥有更多一种被称为冯·埃科诺莫神经元的特殊类型细胞,这种细胞被认为对社交行为很重要,并且只存在于高度社会性的哺乳动物中——即猿类、大象、鲸鱼和人类。
所有这些冯·埃科诺莫神经元“可能帮助他们建立和维持强大、牢固的社交联系和社交网络”,加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校神经病学与病理学教授比尔·西利博士说。而这可能“对他们的整体福祉和健康产生深远影响”。

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