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Back超强厄尔尼诺到底有多强?不是暖冬那么简单
超强厄尔尼诺到底有多强?不是暖冬那么简单
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中国新闻网2 hours agoEnvironment6 min readChinaView translation

超强厄尔尼诺到底有多强?不是暖冬那么简单

预计将成为有系统性监测以来最强厄尔尼诺事件,影响持续至2027年夏季

Quick Look

中国气象局国家气候中心宣布,一次东部型超强厄尔尼诺事件已于9月形成。预计该事件将成为有监测记录以来最强,其影响将持续至2027年夏季,可能导致我国多地出现极端降水、高温热浪及洪涝灾害。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

厄尔尼诺是赤道太平洋中部和东部海面温度异常升高的自然气候现象,通常每2至7年出现一次。

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记者从中国气象局国家气候中心了解到,一次“东部型超强厄尔尼诺事件”已于今年9月正式形成。此次事件发展速度快、强度强,预计将成为有系统性监测以来最强厄尔尼诺事件。

Niño3.4区海温持续攀升 达超强事件标准

根据气象卫星监测显示,自5月以来,赤道中东太平洋进入厄尔尼诺状态,关键区尼诺3.4区海温持续攀升。7至9月,尼诺3.4区海温指数滑动平均值超过2.5℃,达到超强事件标准。气象部门预计,未来3个月,赤道中东太平洋海表温度还将继续升高,在秋末冬初达到峰值,此次厄尔尼诺事件将成为有系统性监测以来最强厄尔尼诺事件。

中国气象局国家气候中心首席预报员 赵俊虎:国家气候中心主要对特定区域Niño3.4区海温指数进行监测,当指数3个月滑动平均值达到或超过0.5℃且持续至少5个月,则判定为一次厄尔尼诺事件。事件强度定义为其峰值,即Niño3.4区海温指数3个月滑动平均值达到最大的数值。事件峰值达到或超过0.5℃但小于1.3℃定义为弱事件,达到或超过1.3℃但小于2.0℃定义为中等事件,达到或超过2.0℃定义为强事件,达到或超过2.5℃定义为超强事件。

根据专家介绍,根据海温最强增暖中心位置,厄尔尼诺可分为两种形态,暖中心位于赤道东太平洋为东部型厄尔尼诺,即传统型;暖中心位于赤道中太平洋为中部型厄尔尼诺,本次监测到的为东部型厄尔尼诺事件。

超强厄尔尼诺影响将持续至2027年夏季

国家气候中心最新监测显示,本次厄尔尼诺现象由于海温偏暖幅度大,已经达到“超强”级别。预计它的影响将持续至2027年夏季,对我国气候影响显著。国家气候中心提示,公众应及时关注天气预报,提前了解今冬冷暖起伏及明年夏季可能出现的暴雨洪涝和高温热浪,做好防范准备。

厄尔尼诺是一种自然气候现象,典型特征为赤道太平洋中部和东部海面温度异常升高,通常每2至7年出现1次,持续约9至12个月。预计赤道中东太平洋海表温度将继续维持波动上升态势,于11至12月前后达到本次事件峰值,强度有望超过历史上3次超强事件,即1982至1983年、1997至1998年和2015至2016年,成为有观测记录以来最强的一次。本次事件具有发展速度快、强度强、对气候影响显著等突出特点。

中国气象局国家气候中心首席预报员 赵俊虎:受厄尔尼诺快速发展影响,2026年夏季,我国中东部地区总体涝重于旱,并呈现“南北多、中间少”的特征,暴雨过程面广点强、落区重叠且致灾复合,同时台风活跃、强度强、风雨影响久。秋季,长江流域及以南大部分地区降水以偏多为主,江南和西南地区东部降水明显偏多,发生极端降水事件的概率大;西南地区东部和华南等地气温明显偏高。预计冬季,我国南方大部分地区降水偏多,气温总体偏暖,但阶段性冷空气活动较为频繁,冷暖起伏比较明显。

气象部门专家预计,2027年夏季,我国气候受厄尔尼诺的影响将比2026年更显著,长江中下游地区降水偏多明显,暴雨洪涝风险较高,可能有较重汛情,江淮、江南、华南等地的高温热浪也会更加明显。

多风险交织叠加 科学应对超强厄尔尼诺

厄尔尼诺快速发展,影响全球海洋大气系统,并进一步影响我国乃至全球的天气气候。未来一段时间,我国面临的将是由厄尔尼诺事件传导出的多风险交织的复杂局面。气象部门提示,公众需密切关注临近天气预报预警,出行留意强降水、高温热浪等天气;农业、交通等重点行业应提前完善防灾预案,科学应对。

厄尔尼诺快速发展,影响全球海洋大气系统。其对农业、电力、基建、交通等重点行业冲击较大。厄尔尼诺在全球变暖背景下叠加增暖效应,使高温热浪发生概率增加、降水时空分布更趋不均、台风活动特征也可能发生变化,各重点行业需提前谋划、科学应对。

在厄尔尼诺衰减并结束的2027年春夏季,我国东北、华北等粮食主产区需关注降水偏多、易发洪涝等对粮食生产造成的影响,西北地区大部、新疆等地需针对高温少雨带来的气象干旱风险做好抗旱准备,同时需注意防范暖冬及异常温湿环境诱发病虫害大面积暴发。

针对厄尔尼诺可能带来极端降水并引发的城市积涝、山洪、滑坡和泥石流等灾害,以及可能带来的铁路停运、高速封闭、港口停航和航班延误等风险,应重点增强城市韧性、提升基础设施防灾能力。国家气候中心持续加强动态监测与滚动预测,密切跟踪厄尔尼诺事件发展态势,及时开展复盘分析与预测研判。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 赤道中东太平洋海表温度将于11至12月达到本次事件峰值。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 具体各地区的降水偏多幅度
  • 农业防灾的具体预案细节

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