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Back自由開講》當國家開始判斷誰不正常~
自由開講》當國家開始判斷誰不正常~
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自由时报5 hours agoOpinion4 min readChinaView translation

自由開講》當國家開始判斷誰不正常~

從上海智慧公安到新疆IJOP平台,當監控從防範犯罪變成標記異常,國家憑什麼擁有檢查所有人是否「正常」的權力?

Quick Look

本文探討現代科技監控系統如何從防範犯罪轉向尋找「異常」。作者以中國上海智慧公安與新疆「一體化聯合作戰平台」為例,指出當監控擴大至日常行為與通訊,甚至將正常生活方式標記為可疑時,已嚴重踩踏人權界線。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

文章探討中國各地(如上海智慧公安與新疆IJOP平台)利用大數據與AI進行行為監控的現象。

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◎ 張商陽

2017年,上海一個智慧公安試點社區,一名男子長時間徘徊,進出多個門洞,卻沒有拜訪任何住戶。系統判斷行為異常,民警手機隨即收到警報。如果這名男子真的準備闖空門,這套系統當然有它的價值。問題是,這雙眼睛除了防範犯罪,還拿來看什麼?

現實中的系統也已經開始分析人的行為,替國家尋找所謂的「異常」。圖為關鍵報告電影。(取自網路)

從《全民公敵》、《關鍵報告》到《鷹眼》,2、30年前的好萊塢早已想像過:當國家可以整合監視、通訊與個人資料,甚至判斷誰可能構成威脅,會發生什麼?電影當然是電影,但現實中的系統也已經開始分析人的行為,替國家尋找所謂的「異常」。

問題就在「異常」兩個字。人權觀察逆向分析新疆警方使用的「一體化聯合作戰平台」(IJOP)後發現,被列為值得注意的並不只是犯罪行為。不常與鄰居往來、經常不走正門、具有某些境外聯繫,甚至部分和平的宗教活動,都可能進入國家的注意範圍。「阿克蘇名單」中一名女性被系統標記的因素之一,是她在2017年3月收到四通境外電話;人權觀察後續查證,打電話給她的是住在海外的姊妹,而她後來遭到拘押。

所以「不要做壞事就好了」,到了這裡已經解釋不了問題。接到姊妹的電話,到底做了什麼壞事?犯罪、可疑與異常,本來就是三件不同的事。犯罪有法律定義,可疑是一種判斷,異常甚至可能只是生活方式偏離系統設定的「正常」。當監控從尋找犯罪者,變成從所有人裡尋找「異常者」,性質就已經改變了。

其他國家不是沒有這些技術。歐美同樣擁有人臉辨識、人工智慧與資料處理能力,也用於執法;但歐盟對警方使用即時遠端生物辨識設下嚴格限制,英國警方使用即時人臉辨識也有特定名單、必要性與比例原則等規範。差別不是做不做得到,而是國家被允許做到哪裡。

我們可以毫無心理負擔地裝寵物監視器,隨時看牠在哪裡、正在做什麼;同樣的事情換成人,卻必須考慮隱私、授權與用途。理由很簡單:人不是寵物。

因此,問題不該是「沒有做壞事,怕什麼監控」,而應該是「沒有犯罪,國家憑什麼一直看?」當國家開始判斷一個人是否「異常」時,事情早已超過防範犯罪。科技可以幫助國家找到犯罪者,卻不能因此取得檢查所有人是否「正常」的權力。中國的問題就在這裡:這不是正在接近人權的界線,而是已經踩過去了。

Open Questions

  • 其他國家未來是否會放寬對生物辨識的限制?
  • 被系統錯誤標記為異常的民眾如何進行救濟?

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This article was originally published by 自由时报.

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